Cell biology
What specific molecule is known as the "energy currency" of the cell, produced in large quantities during aerobic respiration?
ATP /Adenosine Triphosphate
What classic expected phenotypic ratio results from a dihybrid cross between two double heterozygotes (AaBb x AaBb) for unlinked genes?
What is the largest living animal species on Earth?
The Blue Whale
What English naturalist proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species?
Charles Darwin
What is the largest organ of the human body?
Skin
What form of passive transport moves water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration?
Osmosis
According to Chargaff's rules, which pyrimidine base pairs with Guanine in a DNA molecule?
Cytosine
Dinosaurs belong to which class of animals?
A) Mammals
B) Birds
C) Reptiles
D) Amphibians
E) Fish
C) Reptiles
What famous group of volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean served as a key inspiration for Charles Darwin's ideas on speciation?
Galapagos Islands
What is the largest bone in the human body?
Femur (thigh bone)
Which strand of replicating DNA relies on Primase to lay down multiple RNA primers?
The lagging strand
The classic textbook example of Natural Selection involves the peppered moth (Biston betularia) during the Industrial Revolution in England. What specific historical change in the trees' physical appearance acted as the primary driver for the dark (carbonaria) allele to rapidly increase in frequency?
Soot covered the trees / killed light-colored lichen (exposing light moths to bird predators)
What term describes an animal that is active primarily during twilight hours (dawn and dusk)?
Crepuscular
What random process causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, particularly in small populations?
Genetic drift
What is the anatomical name for the collarbone?
Clavicle
The GLUT4 transporter is found on the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and adipose (fat) cells. It is responsible for the uptake of glucose into these cells from the bloodstream. What type of cell membrane transport is this? A) Active transport b) Simple diffusion or c) Facilitated diffusion?
C) Facilitated diffusion
What specific term describes the physical sites or X-shaped points where non-sister chromatids entangle and swap DNA during crossing over?
Chiasma /Chiasmata
How many hearts does an octopus have?
3
What primary cellular process introduces new genetic variations into a population's gene pool?
Mutations
Which tissue connects bone directly to another bone at a joint?
Ligament
If a substance binds to an enzyme's allosteric site (a location other than the active site), altering the 3D tertiary shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer bind, what specific type of inhibition is occurring?
Non-competitive inhibition
In 1977, a famous genetic bottleneck occurred in an endangered bird population when its total global number dropped to just 5 individuals (including only 1 fertile female, "Old Blue"). What iconic New Zealand bird species was rescued from near-extinction by this bottleneck event?
Black robin (or Chatham Island robin / Petroica traversi)
Which order of insects contains the greatest number of documented species on Earth?
Coleoptera / Beetles
What term describes reduced or functionless structures inherited from ancestors, such as the human appendix or pelvic bones in whales?
Vestigial structures
Which fluid-filled structure in the inner ear shaped like a snail shell translates sound vibrations into nerve impulses?
Cochlea