Cell
the function of ribosomes
synthesis of proteins (into the cytoplasm)
state the two types of fatty acids based on the presence or absence of double covalent bonds
saturated and unsaturated
cell division that results in four haploid cells (gametes)
meiosis
In what form is energy lost from ecosystems?
heat
define evolution
A cumulative change in heritable characteristics of a population.
the reason for using an electron microscope to view viruses rather than a light microscope
electron microscope has greater resolution/magnification
State two functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
enzymes/biological catalyst – amylase/protease/lipase/catalase;
defence/immunity – immunoglobin/antibody;
structure – collagen;
movement – actin/myosin;
transport – hemoglobin;
synthesis – ligase/DNA polymerase;
hormonal communication – insulin/luteinizing hormone; MUST be proteinaceous
food stores – casein in milk;
pigments – opsin;
State one type of environmental factor that may increase the mutation rate of a gene.
radiation / chemical mutagens/carcinogens/papilloma virus/cigarette smoke
Why do food chains in an ecosystem rarely contain more than five organisms?
The conversion of food into growth by an organism is not very efficient.
flowering plants
Angiospermophyta
the process that results in tumour (cancer) formation or development
uncontrolled mitosis/cell division
State what type of sugar lactose is.
disaccharide
the cause of Down syndrome
non-disjunction
Define saprotroph.
an organism that lives on/in non-living/dead (organic) matter and secretes digestive enzymes/digestive juices into it
List two anatomical features that define humans as primates.
opposable thumb;
large range of shoulder movement;
good vision / stereoscopic vision / overlapping field view;
large brain relative to body size;
tailless primate;
Y-5 cusps of molars;
the property of stem cells that makes them useful in medical treatment
ability to differentiate
What property of water makes it suitable as a coolant?
It takes a lot of energy for water to evaporate.
the two alleles in blood groups that are codominant
IA, IB
How is peat formed?
From partially decomposed organic matter under anaerobic and acidic conditions in waterlogged soils.
the mechanism of the action of antibiotics
inhibition of bacterial enzymes
the name of the structures formed within a cell by endocytosis
vesicles
State a suitable solvent for extracting photosynthetic pigments from plant tissue.
acetone/ethanol/ether/other organic solvent
the technique used to collect cells for pre-natal testing
amniocentesis/sampling amniotic liquid/fluid (via needle)/chorionic villus sampling
Outline causes of ocean acidification.
carbon dioxide dissolves in water, making an acid/carbonic acid
State the names of the three domains, giving a microbial example of each.
Eubacteria/Bacteria: E. coli / Pneumococcus / another suitable example; (scientific/common name acceptable)
Archaea: methanogens / thermophiles / another suitable example;
Eukaryota: Paramecium / yeast / another suitable example;