DNA Structure
Name the three components of a nucleotide?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base
What are the three functions of DNA
Replication, protein synthesis, mutation
Also.. carries genetic information
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype - an organism's complete genetic makeup, or the specific combination of alleles it has for a particular gene
Phenotype - the set of all observable characteristics or traits of a living organism, including its physical appearance, biochemical properties, and behavior
What is a transgenic organism?
An organism whose genetic material has been altered by the introduction of DNA from a different species through genetic engineering
What is the driving force of evolution?
Natural Selection
Name three differences between DNA and RNA
DNA - deoxyribose, thymine, double stranded
RNA - ribose, uracil, single stranded
Name three types of mutations
Insertion, deletion, substitution
also accepted - chromosome abberations
If two parents are unaffected by a recessive genetic disorder but have an affected child, what must their genotypes be?
Heterozygous
What is the function of a vector?
To carry a gene of interest from one organism to another
What is the phenomenon in genetics where a population size is reduced by a catastrophic event, altering the gene pool's diversity
Bottleneck effect
What type of bonds hold together complementary bases?
Hydrogen bonds
Which organelles have their own DNA?
Plastids
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have small circular chromosomes known as extranuclear DNA
A flower with red and white petals is an example of what type of pattern of inheritance?
Co-dominance
Name an example of a medical product developed using genetic engineering?
Insulin, vaccines, growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies
Just need to name one!
What is the difference between adaptation and acclimation?
Adaptation - genetic process by which a population changes to accommodate environmental factor
Acclimation - physiological changes within an individual in response to environmental factors
Explain how the structure of DNA is directional
DNA has an antiparallel arrangement of its two strands, determined by the orientation of the sugar-phosphate backbone
5'-phosphate, 3'-OH group
Use this DNA template to identify the mRNA sequence:
TAC TTC AAA CCG CGT
AUG AAG UUU GGA GCA
In a pedigree analysis, how can you tell if a trait is likely dominant?
Dominant traits usually appear in every generation, because only one copy of the allele is needed for the trait to show - An affected child almost always has at least one affected parent.
What are the ethical implications for genetically altering the germ line?
Genetic changes are inherited by offspring
Dolphins (mammals) and sharks (fish) come from very different lineages yet share the same streamlined body structure in order to move through water. What evolutionary process explains this similarity?
Convergent evolution
Identify three key features used to distinguish one chromosome from another.
Centromere location
Size
Banding pattern (post-stain)
Alleles present (sequence-based)
Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?
Each newly created strand of DNA is half old (parental) DNA and half new (daughter) DNA
The study of how your behaviour and environment can affect how your genes work.
Epigenetics
What genetic technology revolutionized the field of taxonomy?
DNA sequencing
Describe one example of how human physiology is currently evolving
OPEN-ENDED
- narrowing of birth canal
- reduced wisdom tooth development (smaller jaws)
- high altitude adaptation (note: not to be mistaken for acclimation)
- lactase persistance