Organelles & Cell Structure
Which organelle produces ATP?
The mitochondrion.
Which type lacks membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryotes.
What type of cell division produces identical daughter cells?
Mitosis.
What molecule carries the code from DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA.
What process moves energy through a food chain?
Consumption.
What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?
The cell membrane.
Which type typically has circular DNA?
Prokaryotes.
During which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle?
Metaphase.
What is the role of proteins in gene expression?
They turn genes on or off, determining cell specialization.
What part of an ecosystem cycles but does NOT flow?
Matter.
Why do cells with high levels of protein production have many ribosomes and rough ER?
These structures specialize in assembling and processing proteins.
Why are eukaryotic cells more complex?
They contain specialized organelles that divide functions.
What must happen before mitosis begins?
DNA replication.
What type of feedback loop stabilizes homeostasis?
Negative feedback.
What three conditions are needed for natural selection?
Overproduction, genetic variation, struggle to survive.
How does the structure of the chloroplast support its function?
Thylakoids increase surface area for light-dependent reactions.
What structure do both types have that regulates movement of materials?
Cell membrane.
Why is mitosis important for growth and repair?
It replaces damaged cells with genetically identical ones.
Give an example of negative feedback in the body.
Insulin lowers high blood glucose.
What results from natural selection over many generations
Adaptations in the population.
Explain how the structure of the nucleus supports gene regulation.
DNA is protected and organized for controlled access and transcription.
Describe one evolutionary advantage of compartmentalized organelles.
They allow cells to perform many functions simultaneously and efficiently.
Explain how uncontrolled cell division is connected to the cell cycle.
Mutations in regulatory proteins prevent checkpoints from stopping division → cancer.
How can errors in gene regulation lead to cancer?
Regulatory proteins fail → cells divide uncontrollably.
Explain how inherited variation affects survival during environmental change.
Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce → trait increases.