Thought Provoking
Does Evolution only happen in natural life? If not where else does it happen? (when we discuss evolution we are talking specifically about biology, not about the evolution of say technology, culture, etc.)
No, Evolution also occurs in molecules and atoms which are not technically alive
What's wrong with this statement? Bacteria use Enhancers to regulate gene expression
Enhancers are used in Eukaryotic transcription not in prokaryotic
Why are transcriptional modifications made on pre-mRNA and what are they?
They are to ensure the coding regions are shown and that mRNA is not degraded too early before reaching the ribosome for translation
5' cap
3' Poly A tail
Splicing of Introns and joining of Exons
The ribosome uses what macromolecule to bind Nucleotides together?
None because it binds Amino Acids not Nucleotides (difference of language). Nothing will bring Nucleotides to the macromolecule
What is in between Ecosystem and Population in the Order of life?
Community
Why can a polar ligand bind better to an active site filled with Serine amino acids on an atomic level? (Serine has an OH group as its side chain)
Because the polar ligand has a positive and negative portion because of electronegativity wanting to hang out around the most electronegative atom and same goes for Serine so there is a positive and negative part that wants to attract to each other to give and take electrons
Name an example of where inhibition of an enzyme would cause the death of an organism. Tell me the name, where it is used the body/cell, and what system would be affected
Example could be RNA polymerase used in the Nucleus of the cell and can stop the creation of proteins which are essential for all life's processes
Why is Water the Universal Solvent? Justify your reasoning
Because of its polarity and size it is able to attract itself and other molecules with relative easy and causes hydrophilic and hydrophobic attractions which will dissociate molecules within itself
Why do scientists number carbons on molecules?
Because as molecules get bigger, the more complicated they get which means we need numbers to keep them in our heads better.
Which part(s) of the amino acid chain causes the formation of Alpha helix and Beta Pleated sheets
Amino group, Carboxyl group, and alpha carbon
Once a something is made in the body, will it stay functional forever (excluding if it is destroyed by an outside factor such as radiation)? Explain your answer
No. Nothing in the body is forever, everything is recycled eventually. There is constant turnover because the body always needs to have functional products and if something stays functional forever, something may happen to it that causes it to harm the system its in and so the body constantly is remaking and destroying things just in case.
What reaction is catalyzed in DNA Polymerase and what reaction is catalyzed in Lysosomes? (There are two answers)
DNA polymerase catalyzes Dehydration reaction
Lysosome catalyzes hydrolysis
How do Translocations help variability in a species? Explain your reasoning
Yes they do. Because if we swap nucleotides (bases) around then we have different variations of other genes which means we can create varying proteins
What does RNA Polymerase need to move aside during transcription?
Histones which are DNA and histone complexes (DNA wrapped around histones)
Name the steps of DNA Replication using enzymes for example, enzyme 1 does yadda yadda yadda then enzyme 2 does what it does and so forth
DNA Helicase unwinds the double helix of DNA
Topoisomerase stabilizes the strands as it is unwound
Primase will make the primer and will bind to a DNA sequence
DNA Polymerase will add Nucleotides to the Primer in the 5' to 3' direction
DNA Ligase will fill in the okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
Why are prokaryotes simpler than Eukaryotes? Defend your answer
Because prokaryotes are single celled organisms and they have a lot less things to worry about than eukaryotes. Eukaryotes have limbs and multiple cells that need to be regulated and signaled and what not but prokaryotes just have one cell to worry about so they don't need as much work
An ancient ancestor of hemoglobin performed the same job as Hemoglobin but was only one subunit and could only hold one oxygen. Then one day, our ancient ancestor decided to undergo a mutation (shocking I know). The mutation was caused by UV rays that damaged the DNA and caused the proteins to try and fix it but they made a mistake that we would call a missense mutation. This allowed Hemoglobin to be able to form a Quaternary structure and hold 4 oxygen atoms. Myoglobin was also due to a mutation in the ancient ancestor, but myoglobin does other things. What do we call the structures of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin?
Homologous structures
Based on information you know about the Endomembrane system, how would scientists attempt to introduce a drug to inhibit a protein? (hint: it is not through carrier or channel proteins)
Adding the drug to a designed vesicle and inserting it into the cell
What are the different structures that phospholipids can make? (you can use the textbook but you must show me the passage)
Liposome
Micelle
Bilayer sheet
Let's say a runner is severely dehydrated that they look very wrinkled and dry (kinda like spongebob when he's out of water) what is happening to his cells (yes I am looking for a specific term an explanation is not enough)
His cells are hypertonic
There are roughly 25,000 in our genes that encode for proteins however, there are over 100,000 proteins in our bodies. How can we have more proteins than we have genes?
Enhancers decide what genes are expressed and primers decide where the RNA Polymerase starts. Introns are spliced and dependent on what the body needs based on a number of factors that are too complicated to discuss (also I don't know everything sadly). Also because our bodies are so complicated and complex which is great but also very frustrating for us to learn haha.
When we exercise, our bodies create a lot of heat. This is due to our muscles moving and exergonic reactions. How will this affect the reactions in our body? Explain your reasoning
It will cause them to go faster because ligands will be moving around faster which will increase their chance of bumping into each other causing them to react
What if I were to tell you that some of your genes were introduced by a foreign pathogen? How would this fit into the Central Dogma? Explain your reasoning
It wouldn't fit. It would be a violation. They had to add a whole sub section to explain it. Welcome to nature. Everything has exceptions, even the exceptions.
How do most ligands bind to enzymes in the body? In other words, how does a ligand know where the enzyme is to bind to? If you can remember, what is the theory called?
They don't know, they randomly are bumping around everywhere but enzymes are bigger and have active sites meant to bind certain ligands, so they increase the chance of running into each other. Especially since our body is only a finite space and is mostly made of water it makes things easier.
MATH TIME (you may use a calculator). If my concentration of H3O+ is 1x10^-7 what is my pH? Now here's the kicker, what solution is the pH? (I'm looking for a specific molecule)
pH is 7 and it is a solution of WATER