Genetic Variation
What is incomplete dominance?
The passive net movement of water molecules down a concentration gradient, through a semipermeable membrane.
What is Osmosis?
The sets of three nucleotides found on DNA, mRNA and tRNA molecules.
All three correct bonus: +50
What are codons, anticodons and triplets?
Genotype and Phenotype
Max: 100 - Both correct bonus: +50
What is the combination of alleles an individual inherits from their parents
AND
What is the tangible, observable traits seen on an organism
Alleles that, if present, produce a phenotypic effect that may lead to the death of the organism.
(Death more likely in homozygous individuals)
Difficulty: Hard - 1000 points if correct
What are lethal alleles?
The meiotic process that sees non-sister chromatids mix genetic material with their homologous counter parts, creating new genetically diverse mix of alleles for offspring to inherit, increasing genetic variation.
What is the meiotic process of crossing over?
The two stages of photosynthesis.
+50 points if both are correct
+50 points if both are in correct order
What are the light dependent stages and light independent stages?
Due to redundancy in genetic code, this substitution mutation leads to the same amino acid being produced therefore protein folding / functionality is not affected.
What are Same-Sense Mutations?
The 4x4 square that predicts the chances of an offspring inheriting specific genotypes and phenotypes from parent organisms.
Max: 100
What is a punnet square?
The natural phenomena in which an individual of one population mingles with members of another, increasing the genetic variation of said population.
Difficulty: Hard - 1000 points if correct
What is gene flow?
Genes that are unlikely to be separated by processes like crossing over and independent assortment, but is instead more likely to be inherited together due to close proximity of locus'
What are linked genes?
The folds of a mitochondria's inner membrane that increases its surface area, allowing it to carry out more respiration-related reactions?
What is the cristae?
The structure in which a SINGULAR amino acid chain folds to allow for a fully-functional protein.
Tertiary Structure.
Alleles that, if inherited together in a heterozygote's genotype, are masked by their dominant counterpart.
What are recessive alleles?
The sets of 150-200 nucleotide bases used to form a new complementary base against the lagging strand in semi-conservative DNA replication.
Difficulty: Hard - 1000 points if correct
What are Okazaki fragments?
A factor that limits a population's genetic variation that sees the females of a species looking for a specific phenotypic trait in their mates.
What is non-random mating?
During semi-conservative DNA replication, which strand's complementary strand is formed in fragments instead of continuous placing of nucleotides?
What is a DNA's lagging strand?
A set of essential, enzyme-controlled reactions that see the product of one reaction become the substrate of another.
What are metabolic pathways?
A family tree that uses colour-coding to show the inheritance of a trait passed down from generation to generation.
Max: 250
What is a pedigree chart?
This mutation type is due to redundancy in genetic code.
Difficulty: Hard - 1000 points if correct
Same-Sense Mutations
A natural phenomenon that occurs at random, leading to a change in what alleles are common in a population.
A flat, membrane-bound disk that is found in the chlorophyll in plentiful stacks called 'granna.'
What are thylakoids?
The biological limit an organism can reach for a trait based off of their DNA.
How much of this potential is reached is dependent on environmental factors like diet, temperature, etc.
What is genetic potential?
An image of all 46 chromosomes a human has, ordered into 23 homologous pairs from smallest to largest.
Max: 350
What is a karyotype?
When plant cells are saturated, they go into this state which sees the cell membrane push against the cell wall, increasing cell stability.
Difficulty: Hard - 1000 points if correct
What is turgid / turgidity.