This molecule carries all the genetic information needed for life.
What is DNA? (Deoxyribosenucleic Acid)
100
This type of cell does not have a nucleus.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
100
Give an example of an autotroph and a heterotroph.
Autotroph- creates own energy ex. plants, cyanobacteria, algae
Heterotroph- gets energy from others ex. humans, slugs, yeast
100
Define the term mitosis.
Mitosis = Cell Division
100
Give an example of a phenotype.
tall, short, blond, freckles, tendency to develop diabetes, etc
200
These are the 4 nitrogen bases.
What is Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) and Thymine (T)?
200
These are 2 key differences between plant and animal cells.
Key Differences include:
1. The presence of a cell wall
2. Presence of chloroplasts
3. Number of mitochondria
4. Size and function of the vacuole
200
Explain why ATP is like a rechargeable battery.
ATP is a short term, energy storage molecule. It contains 3 phosphate groups, 1 of which is removable. Energy is released when bonds are broken and 1 phosphate is released (ATP --> ADP) and stored when bonds are formed and 1 phosphate group is added (ADP --> ATP)
200
This is why cells need to divide.
Cells divide because when they are too large, they can no longer efficiently transport waste and materials throughout the cell and cannot handle the increased demands on their DNA.
200
Give the genotype for a homozygous dominant organism.
LL or KK or TT or GG or any two capitol letters.
300
This element is a key component of the chemistry of living things.
What is Carbon?
300
Name 3 cell organelles and explain their function.
Name the 2 phases of photosynthesis and what happens in each stage.
Light Dependent Reactions- Light energy from the sun is turned into ATP through an electron transport chain.
Light Independent Reactions - Chemical Energy in ATP is transferred to storable energy in the form of sugars, such as glucose.
300
Explain the stages of mitosis, from interphase to cytokinesis.
Interphase- business as usual, DNA replicates, cell growth
Prophase- Chromosomes form, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form
Metaphase- Chromosomes line up at center and attach to spindle fibers
Anaphase- Spindle fibers separate sister chromatids and pull to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase- Chromatids further separate and cytoplasm begins to pinch inwards
Cytokinesis- Chromosomes unwind, nuclear membrane reforms and final division of cytoplasm occurs.
300
Explain Gregor Mendel's work, including the results of the F1 and F2 generations and why the result he observed occured.
Mendel crossed purebred tall with purebred short pea plants. He found that in the F1 generation, all offspring were tall, showing that blending did not occur. In the F2 generation, the trait for "short" reappeared, earning the name "lost trait." This showed that alleles come in pairs, and that one allele (dominant) has the power to mask another allele (recessive.) These recessive alleles can be carried through generations without being expressed, if hidden by the presence of a dominant allele, and resurface in later generations when inherited with another recessive allele.
400
Enzymes are proteins that speed reaction rates by doing this.
What is lowering the activation energy?
400
These are the 3 tenants of cell theory.
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic structure and function of life.
3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
400
Describe the electron transport chain and what it does in both photosynthesis and respiration.
ETC- uses the energy within electrons to pump H+ ions across a membrane, creating a concentration gradient. Then, these H+ ions push through ATP synthase, which spins causing the formation of the molecule ATP.
400
Explain how adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells and why that is important.
Embryonic stem cells are early in the process in differentiation. They are pluripotent, meaning they can hold nearly every job in the body. These can be differentiated into almost anything. Adult stem cells are further differentiated, multipotent, and typically can only further specify within an organ system, such as within the bone marrow. Therefore their uses in medicine are more limited, although still very important.
400
Explain how scientists like Morgan use the idea of gene linkage to make physical maps of the locations of genes on chromosomes.
Genes, such as those for red-eyes and mini wings in fruit flies, are more likely to be inherited together if they are located close to each other on a chromosome. This decreases the likelihood that they will be separated during meiosis. Scientists use the rate with which they are separated to determine how far apart they are and in what order you find them on a gene.
500
This is why hydrogen bonds are essential to the structure of DNA.
Hydrogen bonds are covalent bonds and are relatively weak. This enables them to break apart and reform later, a key step in the process of DNA Replication.
500
Describe the process in which large molecules, such as proteins, move in and out of the cell, across the cell membrane.
Large molecules are too big for diffusion or to fit through protein channels. These must be brought in or out through endocytosis or exocytosis, in which the cell membrane forms a vessicle around the molecule to be brought in or out.
500
Explain, using the 3 stages of cellular respiration, why organisms get more energy when oxygen is available.
The three stages of respiration are: glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle and the ETC. Both Krebs and the ETC require oxygen to run, while glycolysis can continue without oxygen. However, glycolysis is less efficient at producing ATP (2 ATP gain per glucose) than Krebs and the ETC (34 ATP total per glucose.)
500
Explain the 3 ways in which Meiosis and Mitosis are different.
1. Division and Replication of DNA
2. # of Chromosomes
3. # of Cell Divisions
500
Teacher Megan put each letter of her first name on a slip of paper and put them in a hat. She drew 1 slip of paper, 3 times, replacing the paper after each draw.
What is the probability of Megan picking 3 vowels?
She did the same thing but did not replace the slips of paper inbetween draws.
What is the probability of Megan picking 3 vowels?