Chemistry of Life
Describe the four most common functions of a lipid.
Waxes, cell membranes, cholesterol, and hormones.
What are the two different types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
What is special about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
They balance each other out.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
What makes something a living thing as far as we know? Name at least three.
2. Living organisms exchange gases with the air in some shape or form.
3. Living organisms can sense their environment.
4. All living things grow.
5. All living things can reproduce.
6. All living things can excrete waste.
7. All living things require and use nutrition.
What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in any carbohydrate?
1:2:1
What are the principles of cell theory?
1. All living organisms are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What happens in the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis?
1) Light absorbed by chlorophyll.
2) Light used to excite electrons to break H2O
3) Energy used to make ATP and NADPH
4) ATP and NADPH used in light-independent reactions
What powers the water cycle, and technically every other cycle?
The heat and light of the Sun.
What is carrying capacity?
The quantity of organisms that a region can support without environmental degradation.
What is an amino acid the monomer of?
Peptides/polypeptides/proteins
Who discovered cells, and when?
Robert Hooke, in 1665
What constitutes the light-independent phase of photosynthesis?
1) CO2 + RuBP with help from Rubisco enzyme
2) ATP and NADPH used to convert 3-PGA into three-carbon sugar G3P.
3) Some G3P used to make glucose, others recycled to regenerate RuBP acceptor.
It never cycles through the atmosphere.
What are the three/five levels of the food web?
Producers, Consumers (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, [Quaternary]), Decomposers
What are the four component bases in DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
Name the three forms of passive transport across a cell membrane.
Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
What's the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, and is slower but more efficient. Anaerobic respiration doesn't require oxygen, uses fermentation, is faster but less efficient, and produces lactic acid and ethanol.
What form of nitrogen is usable for plants?
Nitrates and nitrites, created by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
What is the rule for energy transfer in a food web?
1) Unzipping
2) Transcription
3) Into the cytoplasm
4) Connecting amino acids
5) Folding
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plants have one large vesicle as opposed to many small ones, plants have chloroplasts, and plants have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane.
What are the net ATP gains of each of the various steps of cellular respiration, and the overall net gain?
Glycolosis (step 1): 2 net
Krebs cycle (step 2): 2 net
Electron transport phosphorylation (step 3): 32 net
Overall: 36 net
Which of the following has a major role in the carbon cycle?
A. Rocks
B. Iron.
C. The ocean.
D. Oxygen
C. The ocean.
What is the order of various ecological groupings, from smallest to largest?
Individual, population, community. ecosystem, biome, biosphere.