Circulation/Gas Exchange
These vessels carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
This type of disease is caused by pathogens
Infectious disease
These cells engulf pathogens during the inflammatory response
Phagocytes
These receptors detect changes in temperature
Thermoreceptors
These chemical messengers travel via blood or lymph
Hormones
These tiny structures in the lungs are the site of gas exchange
Alveoli
This pathogen is made of misfolded proteins
Prion
These cells produce antibodies in the humoral response
B cells / Plasma cells
These neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS
Sensory neurons / afferent neurons
Cells respond to hormones only if they have these
Receptors
Describe two structural difference between arteries and veins
1. Arteries have thick muscular walls while veins have thin walls
2. Arteries have a narrow lumen while veins have a wide lumen
3. Veins have valves while arteries do not
This mode of transmission involves an intermediate organism that transmits the pathogen from one host to another
Vector transmission
Describe how natural killer cells kill infected cells
NK cells release perforins which create an opening in the target cell and insert granzymes into the opening to trigger cell suicide.
Describe the role of potassium ions in the action potential
They exit the cell during repolarization to restore negative charge
Describe the components of a feedback loop
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response
Describe four features of efficient gas exchange surfaces.
Large surface area, thin walls, rich blood supply, moist lining
Describe the basic reproduction number (R0)
R0 is the average number of people a person can infect in an unvaccinated population
Describe three differences between the innate and adaptive immune response
Innate immune response: non-specific, rapid, no memory, present in all animals
Adaptive immune response: specific, slow, memory, present invertebrates only
Describe how a nerve impulse travels across a synapse
Via neurotransmitters crossing the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
Describe the body's response when blood glucose levels rise after a meal
The pancreas releases insulin, which promotes glucose uptake by cells and storage as glycogen in the liver, lowering blood glucose levels
Describe the path of blood through the heart, lungs, and body
Vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta
Compare active and passive immunity
Active immunity is when the body's own immune system creates antibodies and memory cells in response to an antigen, leading to long-lasting protection. Passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from an external source, providing immediate but temporary protection.
Describe how the adaptive immune response is activated
Antigen presentation by APCs activates helper T cells which then activate cytotoxic T cells (cell-mediated response) and B cells (humoural response)
Describe the sequence of events in an action potential
Resting potential, stimulus, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, return to resting potential
Describe the body's response after eating a salty meal
The hypothalamus detects increased osmolality, signals the pituitary to release ADH, which increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output and restoring osmolality