Circulatory System
What are the 4 different components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
What word describes removal of waste products from the body?
Egestion
The smallest and narrowest of bronchi is called ________
Bronchioles
Which enzyme is found in the mouth and breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
This condition is inherited and results in abnormal hemoglobin appearing crescent shaped and ridged. What is this condition called?
Sickle cell anemia
Blood cells (RBC, WBC, and platelets) are formed where in the body?
Bone marrow
In what organ does chemical digestion primarily occur?
Small intestine
What are the muscles in between your rib cage called?
Intercostal muscles
Enzymes can break down nutrients into smaller subunits. What are the smallest subunit of proteins?
Amino acids
Explain what happens for people with type 1 diabetes - someone who doesn't naturally produce insulin.
Glucose will not readily be taken in by the body cells which results in higher than usual blood-glucose levels.
Other symptoms: fatigue because cells are not getting glucose ("energy")
Which organ breaks down old RBC?
Liver
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats = no double bonds
Unsaturated = one or more double bonds
Explain how air pressure allows for ventilation.
Expanding chest cavity = low pressure = air moves in
Shrinking chest cavity = high pressure = air moves out
Explain how pepsinogen becomes pepsin to break down proteins.
Stomach lining cells produce pepsinogen --> secreted into the stomach --> low pH of stomach acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin
Pneumonia impacts alveoli by filling with fluid. What symptoms would be apparent and why?
Fatigue. Gas exchange is impacted which decreases the amount of oxygen available to the body.
Name the two values that lead blood into a ventricle.
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
Once nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine they enter the _______ _______ _______.
Hepatic portal vein.
(leading to the liver)
During external respiration, where does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from and into?
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into alveoli.
What enzyme digests fats and where is it made?
Lipase made in the pancreas and duodenum
A patient who has Crohn's disease causing inflammation (swelling) in their entire large intestine. What symptoms may appear for the patient? Explain your reasoning.
Large intestine is responsible for absorbing inorganic nutrients and water which solidifies waste into feces.
If it is inflamed absorption will be less efficient - symptoms would show diarrhea (water not absorbed).
Using a dry erase marker, list the pathway blood follows from the vena cava back to the vena cava (no valves necessary).
vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs
pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava
How does the body respond to high blood sugar levels? (organ involved & the result)
Pancreas releases insulin --> promotes uptake of glucose into body cells from the blood + converts glucose into glycogen
Explain how the respiratory system helps to regulate the blood's pH
If too acidic --> decrease carbonic acid by decreasing CO2 = breathing rate increases
If too basic --> increase carbonic acid by increasing CO2 = breathing rate decreases
Give a location in the body where both mechanical and chemical digestion occur. Give the specific mode of each.
Mouth (mechanical - chewing; chemical - amylase)
Stomach (mechanical - churning; chemical - HCl & pepsin)
If someone were to lack the production of effective mucus, provide a total of two symptoms that may occur (in two different body systems).
Respiratory: dust and debris will go in through nose, airways are not lubricated (pain), gas will not dissolve for gas exchange (fatigue)
Digestive: stomach will not be lined with mucus (ulcer when stomach acid damages the stomach)