Energy and Cells
Simple sugar cells use as fuel for cellular respiration.
Glucose
system that breaks down food into absorbable molecules and eliminates undigested waste.
What is the digestive system?
Term for the process that maintains water and solute balance in body fluids.
What is osmoregulation?
Best verb describing kidneys removing metabolic waste as urine.
What is excrete?
Term for maintaining a stable internal environment (temperature, fluids, glucose)
What is homeostasis?
Molecule that stores and supplies immediate energy to the cell.
What is ATP?
Tiny air sacs that provide huge surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.
What are alveoli?
A solution with higher solute concentration than a cell that causes the cell to shrink.
What is hypertonic?
Organs that filter blood, remove wastes, balance fluids, and produce urine.
What are kidneys?
The specific regulation of body temperature.
What is thermoregulation?
Organelle where most aerobic ATP production occurs.
What is the mitochondria
System that transmits electrical signals to coordinate body activities and respond to stimuli.
What is the nervous system?
A solution with lower solute concentration than a cell that causes the cell to swell.
What is hypotonic?
Which vessels return blood to the heart and commonly contain valves?
What are veins?
Feedback type that reduces deviation from a set point (e.g., sweating to cool down).
What is negative feedback?
Process that produces ATP without oxygen and makes lactic acid in muscles.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except in pulmonary circulation).
What are arteries?
Label these: cell swells in X, shrinks in Y, unchanged in Z. (X = ?, Y = ?, Z = ?)
What is X = hypotonic, Y = hypertonic, Z = isotonic?
Term for removal of metabolic wastes while retaining needed substances — kidneys help do this through filtration and reabsorption.
What is excretion
Feedback type that amplifies a change to drive a process to completion (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth).
What is positive feedback?
Series of reactions in the mitochondria that produces the most ATP per glucose (requires oxygen).
What is aerobic respiration?
The two-body-system pair primarily responsible for delivering oxygen from lungs to body cells.
What are the respiratory and circulatory systems?
Low blood sodium condition often caused by drinking excessive plain water after heavy sweating.
What is hyponatremia?
In the runner case (lost salt in sweat, drank plain water → low sodium and swelling), which homeostatic process failed?
What is osmoregulation/homeostasis?
Body temperature rises during exercise; sweat and vasodilation restore normal temperature. Identify the overall homeostatic mechanism and one effector involved.
What is negative feedback; effectors include sweat glands and blood vessel dilation?