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7 Characteristics of Living organisms
organization, energy, internal constancy (our internal environment differs from external), reproduction growth & development, and evolution (adaptation)
Hypothesis vs Theory
Theory: more general, explanations for natural phenomenons, potentially fasifiable
Bonding
Chemical - link atoms together
Ionic - formed by giving/taking electrons
Covalent - sharing electrons, both holding on to electrons and their orbits overlap
4 Groups of Molecules in Living Systems
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Primary
amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
"What amino acids were used."
Organization for living things
Atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organs - organ systems - organism
Homeostasis
living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions
Polar vs Nonpolar
Polar - atoms with different electronegativity (creates partial charges)
Nonpolar - atoms are a complete match (no difference)
Monomers used in Proteins, Carbs, Nucleic acid
Proteins: amino acids
Carbohydrates: monosaccarides
Nucleic acid: nucleotides
Secondary
alpha helix (rolls up like a cord to form hydrogen bonds) vs beta sheet (folds into a sheet and forms hydrogen bonds)
Domains
Bacteria (unicellular & prokaryotic cells - lack nuclei), Archea (unicellular, prokaryotic cells), Eukarya (eukaryotic cells, larger more complex cells, unicellular or multicellular)
Limits to Experiments
- multiple interpretations
- misinterpretations of observations/results
- dislike of the results
- limited to existing phenomena of the world
Water Properties
Cohesive - water molecules stick to one another
Adhesive - sticks to other polar things
Solvent - dissolves many things
Regulates temp. - hydrogen bonds make water resist changes in temp.
Expands when freezing - hydrogen bonds make water molecules spread out as it freezes (ice less dense)
Participates in chemical reactions - ex. photosynthesis and respiration
Examples of Carbohydrates
cellulose - structure (ex. fiber)
starch - energy
glycogen - energy
chitin - structure (unable to be digested)
Tertiary
overall shape of the polypeptide
Kingdoms
Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophs), Fungi (multicellular, heterotrophs), Plantae (multicellular, autotrophs), Protista (multi & uni cellular, live in water)
Parts of Atom
proton: tells you the identity og the element, in the nuclues, mass of 1 ama
nuetron: in the nucleus, affects the mass and produces different versions of the element, mass of 1 ama
electron: circles the nucleus, mass of 0 ama, affects the chemistry
Characteristics of Organic Compounds
carbon-hydrogen bonds
4 Bases of DNA + RNA
DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Quartenary
overall protein shape, arising from interaction between multiple peptides
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis - educated guess
Experiment - dependent variable (what is measured, thing you are trying to understand) independent variable (what is manipulated), control (untreated group used for comparison), standardized variable (held constant for all subjects)
Conclusion
Ions, Isotope, Atomic #, Atomic mass, Valence Shell, Octet Rule, Valence Electrons, Acid & Base
Ion - charged atoms, formed when an atom either gains/loses electrons
Isotope - same # of protons, but different # of neutrons
Atomic # - indicates how many protons in element
Atomic mass - total # of protons/neutrons in its nucleus
Valence Shell - outermost electron shell of atom
Octet rule - 2 electrons in first orbit, 8 in 2nd orbit
Valence electrons - electron in the outermost shell of atom
acid - substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
base - substance that releases hydroxide ions
Make/Break polymers
Make: dehydration synthesis: joins monomers together
Break: hydrolysis: breaks polymers apart
Lipids in common
hydrophobic molecules, not built from chains of monomers, they are for energy communicators and structure