Mitosis/Meiosis
What is the correct order of phases in mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
different forms of a trait
What would the genotype of the offspring between the following two parents:
GG and gg
Gg - heterozygous
What are the 4 base pairs in DNA and which bind together?
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
What are gametes?
egg or sperm cells, they contain half the amount of chromosomes as normal cells (haploid cells)
How many chromosomes do human diploid cells have?
46
What are true-breeding plants?
Plants that always produce the same traits when they self-pollinate (homozygous)
If a flower presents incomplete dominance for the trait of its color, red is partially dominant (R) and white is recessive (r). If the two parents below were crossed, what color would their offspring be?
RR and rr
100% pink
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base
What makes a cell cancerous?
A cell loses the ability to control its growth
Prophase I
What was the ratio of dominant traits to recessive in Mendel's F2 generation?
3:1
A male with colorblindness (an X linked recessive trait) marries a woman who is homozygous dominant for normal vision. What percentage of their children (boys and girls) will be colorblind?
0%
How is DNA organized into chromosomes?
DNA is wrapped around histone proteins which are bundled to make nucleosomes.
Rosalind Franklin
What do the microtubules (spindle) attach to during mitosis?
Centromere of the chromosomes
Describe the Griffith experiment (bacteria transformation).
Harmless bacteria were combined with killed harmful bacteria and were transformed to harmful bacteria to kill the mice; determined that a gene might be the transforming factor
AB, A, B, O
Explain 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
RNA contains uracil, DNA contains thymine
RNA can leave the nucleus, DNA cannot
RNA has ribose sugar, DNA has deoxyribose sugar
What is the name of the proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle?
Cyclins
What are 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis goes through 2 rounds
Meiosis results in 4 unique cells, mitosis results in 2 clones
Meiosis makes gametes, mitosis makes normal cells
Crossing over happens in meiosis not mitosis
Homologous chromosomes are present in meiosis not mitosis
Describe the Hershey-Chase Experiment.
Viruses were used to show that DNA was the means for determining traits because when they radioactively labeled DNA and protein, only DNA was present inside the cells.
Perform a dihybrid cross between the two parents:
AaBb and AABb
What percentage of the offspring are heterozygous for at least one trait?
75%
Describe the 3 types of RNA and what their functions are.
mRNA - messenger - carries the DNA information from the nucleus to the ribosome
tRNA - transfer - carries amino acids that match with the specific codon being read by the ribosome
rRNA - ribosomal - help the ribosome complete its functions in the cell
Describe the 3 types of point mutations.
Substitution - a base pair letter is replaced with the incorrect one
Addition - a base pair letter is added into the code
Deletion - a base pair letter is taken out of the code