Miscellaneous
What are the 4 microbiomes?
Soil microbiome
Marine microbiome
Atmosphere microbiome
Deep earth microbiome
True or false
A fetus has its own microbiome
False
not until they're born
What makes up a bacterial cell?
70% water
4% ions and small molecules
26% organic components (58% protein, 27% nucleic acid, 8% phospholipid, 7% carbohydrates).
Describe the shapes and groups of prokaryotic cells
Diplo-Pair
Tetra-Group of 4
Staphyl-Cluster
Strepto-Chain
Coccus-Sphere
Bacillus-Rod
Spirillum-Spiral
What organelles contain a double membrane?
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
What organelles are in the endomembrane system in a eukaryotic cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum (both)
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
What does Electron microscopy do?
Uses short wavelengths to increase resolution.
What are the organelles associated with growth and reproduction?
Nucleoid, Ribosomes, Plasmid, Cytoplasm, and Inclusions
What are the two most common types of Salmonella? What family does Salmonella come from?
Salmonella Enterica and Salmonella Bongori. All from the Enterobacteriaceae family.
What happens in the nucleolus?
Ribosomal synthesis
What is Lichen and Mycorrhizae?
Lichen is a fungus with a cyanobacteria (photobiont partner) in a symbiotic relationship to help both survive in deserts and rocky climates.
Mycorrhizae is a soil fungus with the roots of a vascular plant in a symbiotic relationship to ensure they both get enough nutrients to survive.
Discovered bacteria which he called animalcules
Made a better microscope than Hooke
Published ~300 letters to England's Royal Society of London
What did Hooke do?
Discovered the cell
made a book called Micrographia
What did Pasteur do?
Discovered that fermentation was a biological process
Discovered the process of Pasteurization
Discovered the Germ-Theory of disease using silkworms and mulberry leaves
What did Koch do?
Invented Koch's Postulates which is a four step process to determining which pathogen is creating which disease using sheep and mice and the anthrax causing disease in sheep and cattle.
The criteria for Koch's postulates are:
1. Finding the microbe in all diseased organisms,
2. Isolating it in pure culture
3. Reproducing the disease in a healthy host
4. Re-isolating the identical microbe from the newly infected host
Describe the structure of mold.
It is a multicellular filamentous form with individual filaments called hyphae. If the hyphae are cross-sectioned or have cross walls they are called septate hyphae. If not, they are called coenocytic hyphae. A mycelium is an interwoven mat of hyphae.
What are the criteria for living organisms?
Must reproduce
Must respond to stimuli
Must have genetic material
Must have evolutionary adaptations
Must have complex biochemical patterns (metabolism)
Describe the binomial nomenclature hierarchys in order of greatest to smallest
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Describe endosymbiosis and endomembrane development.
Endomembrane development was when the cell invaginated its membrane so that it could create folds and separate metabolic processes and speed up reactions to create prokaryotes.
Endosymbiosis was when a cell engulfed another cell to create a eukaryotic cell (like how chloroplasts and mitochondria got engulfed and were once prokaryotic).
Describe SEM and TEM.
TEM provides this image in 2D that show inner details like cell organelles.
SEM provides the image in 3D by detecting reflected and scattered electrons.
SEM has a lower magnification than TEM by about 10x (TEM=200000 and SEM=20000).
What is the cytoskeleton made up of and what do the compartments do?
Made up of three types of fibrous proteins
Microtubules- assists in cellular division and provides tracks for intracellular transport.
Intermediate filaments- Anchor organelles in space
Microfilaments- Allows for the movement of the cell membrane.
What are the two forms of parasitic protists?
The Trophozoite form is when the parasitic protist is in the active feeding form, this is what causes illness and disease to humans and happens in favorable environments for the parasite.
The Cyst form is the dormant form that happens in unfavorable conditions for the parasite. This form builds a tough exterior to protect itself from drying out and from chemicals as it stays dormant.
Describe Simple, Negative, Gram, Phase-Contrast, Dark-Field, and Fluorescence staining.
Refer to notes for more information.
Differences between Protists and Fungi.
Refer to notes for more information.
Differences between Bacteria and Archaea
Archaea are very much like bacteria but insane. Refer to notes for more information.