Cell Cycle & Mitosis
The phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle.
Metaphase
These biological molecules speed up chemical reactions.
What are enzymes?
A molecule that binds to a receptor is called this.
What is a ligand?
This process copies DNA into RNA.
What is transcription?
Multiple codons coding for the same amino acid describes this property.
What is redundancy?
This phase of the cell cycle is when DNA is replicated.
What is S phase?
This happens when an enzyme loses its shape due to heat or pH.
What is denaturation?
These proteins released by cells stimulate division.
What are growth factors?
This RNA carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome.
What is mRNA?
This hypothesis explains flexibility in the third codon base.
What is the wobble hypothesis?
This process divides the nucleus and separates chromosomes.
What is mitosis?
This type of bond links amino acids together.
What is a peptide bond?
These channels allow direct communication between plant cells.
What are plasmodesmata?
This RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.
What is tRNA?
These enzymes add phosphate groups to proteins.
What are kinases?
These proteins activate CDKs to move the cell cycle forward.
What are cyclins?
This bond forms when atoms share electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
Hydrophobic signaling molecules typically bind to receptors in this location.
Where is inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)?
This process builds a protein from an mRNA template.
What is translation?
This small GTPase acts as an ON/OFF switch in growth signaling.
What is RAS?
This happens when cancer cells ignore signals that normally stop division.
What is uncontrolled cell division?
This model describes a substrate fitting perfectly into an enzyme’s active site.
What is the lock-and-key model?
This type of signaling involves hormones traveling long distances.
What is endocrine signaling?
This RNA removes introns from mRNA in the nucleus.
What is snRNA?
This protein kinase relays growth signals downstream of RAS.
What is RAF?