What Are Cells
Name 1 difference between plant and animal cells
What is the main difference between active and passive transport?
Active requires energy, passive does not.
Name the process where eukaryotic cells replicate?
Mitosis
Define apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Which organelle is responsible for holding and containing DNA?
Nucleus
What does hydrophobic mean and what does this mean in terms of where the fatty acid tails are on the membrane?
Hates water ; hence why they are on the inner part of the membrane away from the water outside and inside the cell.
Name the process how prokaryotes replicate?
Binary Fission
What is a stem cell?
Specialised cell that can differentiate into any cell type
Two differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Smaller in size, no membrane bound organelles, Linear (E) vs Circular (P) DNA, Flagella etc
Define osmosis.
Passive movement of water from an area of high water / low solute concentration to an area of low water / high solute concentration
What happens during the 'S' phase of the cell cycle?
DNA replicates
What is 1 reason why a cell needs to undergo apoptosis
Malfunctions, damaged, no longer necessary etc
What are the two things that increase something's surface area - volume ratio? (HINT - think size and shape)
Smaller size, flatter shape
Describe the difference between facilitated and regular diffusion.
Diffusion - small molecules move straight through the bilayer without aid
F Diffusion - bigger molecules move through the bilayer aided by a carrier/channel protein
Name and describe what happens during 2 of the 4 stages of mitosis.
Various
Name the 3 types of potencies of stem cells (100 for each), and identify how many types of cells they can differentiate to (the extra 100)
Totipotent - Any cell type
Pluripotent - Most cell types
Multipotent - Limited number of cell types belonging to a specific tissue or organ group
Describe (by stating functions) how the Ribosomes, Rough ER, and Golgi Apparatus all relate to each other.
Ribosomes synthesises and creates the proteins, RER modifies and gets them ready for secretion to the GA where they are packaged and sent away.
Difference between active transport and bulk transport?
AT: ATP helps move substances from a low-high gradient with help of a carrier protein
BT: Endo and Exocytosis where larger molecules get taken into/out of the membrane in vesicles
Describe the difference in what happens in cytokinesis for both plant and animal cells
Animals - cleavage furrow forms and pinches membrane to make 2 new cells
Plants - cell plate forms to make the cell wall as they seperate
Name and explain the process of the two types of apoptosis (250 points for each)
Intrinsic Pathway; Mitochondria detects and releases caspases to destroy cystoskeleton
Extrinsic Pathway; NKC or Immune Cell releases signalling molecules to activate caspases inside the cell to then destroy cytoskeleton