Energy and metabolism
Energy stored in chemical bonds or concentration gradients is called what type of energy
What is potential energy?
Enzymes are biological __________ that speed up chemical reactions.
What are catalysts?
Equation for cellular respiration
What is C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP?
Write the general equation for photosynthesis.
What is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂?
Oxidation is the ______ of electrons; reduction is the ______ of electrons.
What is loss and gain?
The energy of motion is known as what?
What is kinetic energy?
Where in the enzyme does the substrate bind?
What is active site?
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
In the light reactions, what molecule is split to replace lost electrons in Photosystem II?
What is water?
During fermentation, what is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue?
What is NAD⁺?
this law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy in ATP is stored in the bonds between what parts of the molecule?
What are the phosphate groups?
Which process produces the most ATP during respiration?
What is oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)?
What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?
What are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
Which type of fermentation occurs in muscle cells during exercise?
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Disorder increases in every energy transformation — which law explains this?
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
What is the term for the minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to start, which enzymes help lower?
What is activation energy?
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose produces how many pyruvates?
What is 2 pyruvate molecules?
Electrons travel in what order through the photosystems?
What is H₂O → PSII → ETC → PSI → NADP⁺ → NADPH?
What are the main electron carriers in cellular respiration?
What are NAD⁺/NADH and FAD/FADH₂?
If a reaction requires energy input and has a positive ΔG, it is what type of reaction?
What is an endergonic reaction?
ATP provides energy from its phosphate bond hydrolysis to drive endergonic reactions by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule?
What is energy coupling?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is oxygen?
What enzyme in the Calvin Cycle fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP?
What is Rubisco?
Compare photosynthesis and respiration in one phrase.
What is Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose; respiration releases it as ATP?