BIO 1A
The basic structural, functional, and biological units of all living organisms. They are the smallest units of life that can replicate independently.
What are cells?
Large, complex molecules that are essential for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are macromolecules?
A semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, providing structure and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is cell membrane?
The gradual difference in the concentration of solutes in a solution between two regions. It results in the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What is concentration gradient?
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It includes both mitosis and meiosis.
What is cell division?
Organisms that consist of more than one cell, often with specialized cells performing different functions. Examples include plants, animals, and fungi.
What is multicellular?
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are a major source of energy for the body and include sugars, starches, and fibers.
What is carbohydrate?
The jelly-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles and is the site of many cellular processes.
What is cytoplasm?
The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
What is homeostasis?
A type of reproduction that involves a single parent and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Examples include binary fission, budding, and vegetative propagation.
What is asexual reproduction?
Any individual living entity that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis. Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
What is organism?
A group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids, and are important for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
What are lipids?
A network of protein fibers that provide structural support, shape, and movement to the cell.
What is cytoskeleton?
The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. It does not require energy.
What is diffusion?
Thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
What are chromosomes?
Structures composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions within an organism. Examples include the heart, lungs, and liver.
What are organs?
Large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids. They perform a variety of functions in the body, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, and transporting molecules.
What is protein?
A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It comes in two forms: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).
What is endoplasmic reticulum?
A type of passive transport that involves the movement of molecules across a cell membrane through protein channels or carriers. It does not require energy and occurs along the concentration gradient.
What is facilitated diffusion?
One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome. Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere.
What is chromatid?
Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and epithelial tissue.
What are tissues?
Biopolymers essential for all known forms of life. They include DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information.
What are nucleic acids?
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to different destinations within or outside the cell.
What is golgi apparatus?
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
What is osmosis?
The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined together and where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
What is centromere?
Organisms that consist of a single cell. Examples include bacteria, archaea, and many protists.
What is unicellular?
A small molecule that can bind to other similar molecules to form a polymer. Examples include glucose (a monomer of starch) and amino acids (monomers of proteins).
What is a monomer?
Small structures that synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences.
What are ribosomes?
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy. It includes processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
What is passive transport?
A cylindrical organelle involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. Centrioles are found in animal cells.
What is a centriole?
A fundamental theory in biology that states:
All living things are composed of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
What is the cell theory?
Organic compounds that combine to form proteins. They are the building blocks of proteins and play a crucial role in various biological processes.
What are amino acids?
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
What are lysosomes?
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy (usually in the form of ATP). It occurs against the concentration gradient and involves transport proteins.
What is active transport?
A type of reproduction that involves the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg) from two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic variation.
What is sexual reproduction?