Chapter 12/ lower extremities
explaining vestibular and righting reflexes
composed of proprioceptors in inner ear which gives us feedback on body's position in space
non-upright position of head
righting: correct or maintain balance, action of limbs, trunks, neck musculature attempt to correct position and maintain upright posture
knee structure/ loads
modified hinge joint
2 unique joints
tibiofemoral and patellofemoral
largets joint in body
walking loads 1.5* bw
climbing stairs 3-4* bw
squatting 8* Bw
inward deviation in alignment from proxmial to dital end of body segement
varus
what are the 4 movements of the foot
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion
name the 4 structures the shoulder girdle includes
scapula, sternum,clavicle, humerus
explain the hip structure
ball and socket joint
head of femur articulates with acetabulum
one of the most stable joints in body due to:
1. bone structure
2. pelvic girdle
what are the ligaments/bones/muscle/tendons/ cartilage of knee
femur, tibia, patella
cartilage: meniscus (medial and lateral)
ligaments: ACL, PCL, MCL,LCL
patellar tendon
muscles: hammy's, quads, glutes: overall stability
Knee alignment normality
slight varus from femur
2-3 degrees considered natural
females> males due to pelvis
if someone has flat feet with knee issues what type of alignment is that?
pronated
anchors appendages to axial Skelton
increase mobility= decrease in stability
shallow fit
in pelvic tilt anterior, posterior, left lateral, right lateral, right transverse clockwise, left transverse counterclockise postions
flexion, extension, r: abd L: add, R:add L:abd, r:int rot L:ext rot, R:ext rot L:int rot
most stable position= least mobile
body congruence: tibial tubercles loged in intercondylar notch
maximum contract area
ligament most taut
large quad muscle engagement
name 2 or more knee injuries
ligament tears
meniscus tear
dislocation
bone fractures
IT band syndrome
overuse/reptitive
pattelofemoral pain syndrome (runner's knee)
patellartendonitis ( jumper's knee)
if someone rolls ankles alot and its better for them to not wear shoes hat alignment is that?
supinated
what are the 5 different articulations of the shoulder
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, scapulothoracic, coracoclavicular, glenohumeral
all 5 joints must have normal osteo- and athrokinematics for normal shoulder function
explain the loads on hip
major weight bearing, never fully unloaded, total load is greater than upper body
walking loads- 2-3* BW
jogging/running- 4.5-5.5 * BW
stumbling: 7-9* BW
explain vunlerability in loose packed position
least stable is most mobile
25 degrees flexion
minimal bony congruence
ligaments lax
this is a tibiotalar joint that is hinger
has a convex surface to superior talus articulates with concave surface of distal tibia, distal tibia= syndemosis where dense, fibrous tissut binds
ankle
what is the best alignment for ankle
neutral
This joint is a syndesmosis joint, it has the articulation of the coracoid process of scapula bound to inferior clavicle by coracoclavicular ligament- crucial in transmisson of weight from upper limb to axial, not prone to injury
coracoclavicular (SC) joint
Type of hip injuries
bone fractures
muscle strains and tendonitis
IT band syndrome
contusions(hip pointer)
labral tears of cartilage
femoracetabular impingement
this is an outward deviation in alignment from the proximal to distal end of body segment
valgus
distal tibia and fib togther
ligaments
tendons:achilles
muscles
what are some ankle/foot injuries
sprains
Achillies tendon sprains and tendinitis
fractures- osteochondritis dissecans
plantar fasciitis
This is a irregular joint has articulaiton between acromion process and distal clavicle and stabilize ligaments
movements: gives scapula additonal ROM on clavicle at end ranges of elevation, scapular rotation, tipping, winging
Injuries:
dislocations: ac separation(shoulder separation)
collison sports, fall on tip of shoulder, foosh-fall on outstrecthed hand, osteoarthritis
acromioclavicular joint