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100
Name 3 different areas of study within the field of Haematology.
Haemopoiesis Haemoglobin Coagulation
100
Anaemia is a disease studied in a routine Haematology laboratory. What is Anaemia?
Abnormal cell - a condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.
100
Explain what is meant by the term Leukaemia.
Cancer of blood-forming cells. Can’t carry out the normal functions of white blood cells Increase in WBC
100
What is Haemopoiesis? & What is Erythropoiesis?
Production of the formed elements of blood – WBC’s, RBC’s and platelets. Production of RBC’s
100
What is the correct term for a decrease in neutrophils?
Neutropaenia
200
Where does Haemopoiesis occur? Explain why you might have more than one answer!
Bone marrow, in adults. Yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes in Foetus
200
Describe the shape of a RBC. Why do RBCs have this shape?
Biconcave disk. This shape allows for rapid diffusion of gasses, flexibility and change in shape/size
200
Discuss the significance of the RBC membrane.
Gives structure and maintains shape. regulate surface deformability, flexibility, adhesion to other cells and immune recognition. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer.
200
List 3 Granulocytes that can be found in peripheral blood.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils
200
What is the term used to describe variation in RBC size?
Anisocytosis
300
What is Polychromasia and what may it indicate?
– “Poly” - many “chrom” - colour – Variable colour [Blue/grey - orange/red] – Increased number of immature RBC’s
300
What physiological processes do platelets have a role in?
Prevention of blood loss
300
What does the term “Thrombocytopaenia” mean?
Decreased number of platelets
300
What is the term for an increased number of Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood?
Lymphocytosis
400
Either of 2 principles can be used in Automated Cell Counting machines. What are these 2 principles?
Electrical impedance Light scatter
400
What blood cells can be manually counted using a Haemocytometer? (Can the chamber also be used to count anything else besides blood cells?)
RBC & WBC Bacterial cells in suspension
400
Different areas of a counting chamber are used for counting different types of blood cells. What areas are used for a manual WCC?
4 squares
400
Explain why WBC types should always be reported as Absolute Number and not Relative numbers following a Diff.
Relative - whole thing could be skewed and will generally be a higher result (out of 100) Absolute - all just lower and within clinical range. Can only report on a clinical outcome using absolute values.
400
List each of the 5 WBC types found in peripheral blood and explain the features that help to identify each of them.
Neutrophils – most common, 10-12uM, multi-lobed nucleus, small granules in cytoplasm, polymorphonuclear cells, 8-10 hours in circulation, bacterial and fungi infections Eosinophils – bi-lobed nucleus, 10-12uM, large and strongly staining cytoplasm granules, circulate 4-5 hours, defence against parasitic infections, and dampen allergic responses Basophils – least commin, 8-10uM, 2-4 lobes in nucleus, large cytoplasmic granules (dark staining) Lymphocytes – second most common, 10-12uM, large round nucleus/less cytoplasm, lifespan few days – years, T-lymphocytes = cell mediated immunity, B-lymphocytes = humoral immunity Monocytes – largest 16-22uM, kidney shaped nucleus, circulate 10 hours, exit into tissues and become macrophages, removal of aged RBC’s and other debris, antigen processing, presentation to T lymphocytes
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