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100
What is clinical infection, sub-clinical, Iatrogenic infection
infections with signs and symptoms infection with pathogen but no symptoms from a medical practitioner / intervention (hospital)
100
List and describe the types of T cells.
Th 1. detect MHC 2 presented Ag (on antigen presenting cells) via CD4 2. activate microphages, Tc and B cells 3. Th1 generally help Tc, simulate inflammation, promote eosinophils Treg - suppress the immune response by direct contact or inhibitory cytokines Tc - cycotoxic T cells that kill cells displaying MHC class 1 associated Ag via CD8
100
What is the MHC and what is its purpose?
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.
100
How are respiratory infections transmitted?
Through droplets (cough/sneeze), saliva, soil-dust or water aerols
100
Zoonoses is a term used for what kind of disease?
Animal to human
200
Explain the term: Endemic
disease present in a community (region) all the time, usually only clinical in a few
200
Explain Epidemic
wide spread disease within a community (region), affecting many people but only occasionally present
200
Explain Pandemic
wide spread epidemic, not confined to a single community or region (more than one continent)
200
Explain Sporadic
widely scattered disease, occurring singly, irregularly, infrequently
200
What is “Epidemiology”? and the two main types:
The study of the spread, frequency, distribution of disease o specific source o factors determining spread Descriptive epidemiology – data relating to location, ages, time, occupation, etc to track disease Analytical epidemiology – disease in detail to identify cause, transmission and prevention
300
Explain the difference between Morbidity and Mortality
Morbidity – number made ill by infective agent Mortality – number of deaths caused by infective agent
300
Explain the difference between Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence is the number of new cases over a specific period and prevalence is the number of cases (infected or diseased) at any given time (old and new cases)
300
In epidemiological terms how would you classify the disease “AIDS”.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) • HIV causes destruction of CD4 cells (TH) • Without T Help – No Tc – No antibody production • Person dies from being unable to fight infection
300
What factors influence the spread of disease in a community?
Virulence of the pathogen Pathogen transmission mode Population susceptibility - immunity
300
List four ways of preventing the spread of disease in a community.
Prevent contamination of water supplies Immunization Educate the public Eliminate reservoirs of infection i.e. isolate diseased persons, immunization programs, treat sick persons
400
Which of the following disease type would most likely spread quickly through the Perth community and why? A) Gastroenteritis, B) A sexually transmitted disease, C) a Respiratory disease – sneeze/saliva. Have to be in contact with someone.
A) Gastroenteritis, - contaminated water mode of transmission, population susceptible as everyone drinking same water source, no immunization for gastro. Also, if you come in to contact with someone who has this virus, it is transmitted this way also.
400
What are the two branches of the immune system?
Innate – nonspecific defenses which do not require previous exposure to foreign agent Adaptive – response based on scientific recognition of invader (foreign agent) - antibody mediated - cell mediated
400
How does skin protect against bacteria? (?)
First line of defence, acts as a mechanical barrier
400
What white blood cells (WBC) types are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils (eosinophils also destroy large parasites)
400
What type of white blood cell (WBC) is mainly involved in the adaptive immune system?
Lymphocytes - mediate
500
What antibody types are involved in the primary and secondary immune response?
Initial – IgM (immunoglobulin M) Secondary – IgG (immunoglobulin G)
500
What type of lymphocyte is involved in cell mediated immunity?
Cytoxic C cells
500
List the ways antibodies fight infection.
Activate complement Trigger phagocytosis (opsinisation) Neutralise viruses and toxins (so that they cannot enter cells) Agglutination (aggregation)
500
List the antibody isotypes
Immunoglobulin: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
500
Describe the difference between humoral and cell mediated immune responses.
Humoral immunity only effective against extracellular antigen Viruses and mycobacteria are intracellular infections (out of reach for humoral response) Cell mediated protects against these attacks e.g. cancer cells. Two T cells involved, Tc & natural killer cells Humoral immunity recognise and attach to antigen
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