structure
What is a neuron?
-nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system
_____ hold neurons together and are important for ______ neurotransmitters, cleaning up neurotransmitters that have been released, and providing ________ on axons.
Glial cells; processing; insulation
What is the blood brain barrier? What function does it serve? What are the three things that can pass through the barrier?
-Semipermeable, formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in the blood vessels
-Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble molecules
What is the function of a Autonomic division?
Innervates visceral organs; smooth and cardiac muscle; glands and adipose tissue INVOLUNTARY
_________ described structure of DNA (in 1953) and won the Nobel Prize, helped by Rosalind Franklin.
Watson and Crick
What is a dendrite? What do they do?
-a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons
What are the different types of Glial cells?
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Astrocytes
How do other substances pass through the blood brain barrier?
Active Transport
What innervates an organ in ANS output?
Two motor neurons; synaptic connection in the periphery between the two, usually in peripheral ganglia that are grossly visible
Resting Potential is ______ charged on the inside and is _____.
negative; polarized
What is an axon? What do they do?
-the part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons
What is the function of an Astrocyte cell?
-provides support for neurons of the central nervous system,
-provides nutrients and other substances,
-and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid
What are the functions of the sympathetic system?
-fight or flight
-prepares body for action
-mobilizes energy stores
-key component of stress response
-originates from a restricted part of spinal cord
-has its own set of peripheral ganglia
Most of the gene expression and protein synthesis conducted in neurons takes place in the ______.
soma or cell body.
Neurotransmitters carry signals across the
synapse
-what is a terminal? What does it do?
small bulges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons
What type of glial cell engages with phagocytosis (the act of eating dead cells) and protects the brain from invading microorganisms?-
-Microglia
What are the functions of the parasympathetic system?
-rest and digest
-conserves and restores energy reserves
-promotes digestion, absorption and storage
-protective, construction of pupil, protects from excess light
-originates from a restricted brain and spinal cord
-has its own set of peripheral ganglia
The sodium potassium pump requires ATP to send ______ ions out of the cell and bring _____ ions into the cell.
3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in.
What do we call the layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of some neurons?
myelin sheath
-what is the term for protein and fat that wraps around an axon?
Myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes make myelin sheath in the _________ Nervous System and a single cell can extend up to 50 axons and form ______. Schwann cells can only wrap around ____ axon and form ______ myelin.
Central Nervous System; myelin sheaths; one; singular
What is the function of a Somatic Division?
-Innervates skeletal muscle, includes general somatic sensory nerves, VOLUNTARY
If a membrane potential changes from -70mV to -75mV _______ has occured.
hyperpolarization.
Which is the most common neurotransmitter in the brain?
glutamate