Schizophrenia
Learning and Memory
Depression
Addiction
Stress
100
What ventricular abnormality is present in schizophrenics?
Schizophrenics have larger ventricles
100
Patient HM has damage to what part of the brain?
The hippocampus/temporal lobe (almost the same thing)
100
People that are stress tend to be (more/less) likely to exhibit depression.
More likely
100
The most important neurotransmitter involved in addiction is what?
Dopamine
100
What is the most often studied stress hormone
Cortisol
200
What prefrontal cortex abnormality is present in schizophrenia?
The PFC tends to be less developed in schizophrenics
200
The physical location of memory is known as the _______ a) Neural code b) Engram c) Pentagram d) Hippocampus
Engram
200
One biological way to determine if someone is depressed is the _______ suppression test. a. Cortisol b. Norepinephrine c. N-methyl-d-aspartate d. Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone
200
True or false: All addictive drugs involve dependence and withdrawal
False
200
The _____ gland is the primary gland in the body responsible for releasing stress hormones
Adrenal
300
Schizophrenia is characterized by positive and negative symptoms. What does this mean? Provide some examples.
Positive symptoms - an abnormality that becomes PRESENT (i.e. hallucinations or paranoia). Negative symptoms - The absence of a normal behavior (i.e. appropriate emotional responses).
300
Define short term and long term memory
Short term (AKA working memory) occurs on the orders of seconds to minutes. Long term memory occurs on the order of hours to days.
300
In theory, administering BDNF to a depressed patient should do what to their depression?
BDNF should alleviate depression
300
Compared to a control rat, a rat self-administering cocaine exhibits greater levels of dopamine in what brain area?
The Nucleus accumbens
300
Name the two types or catagories of stress
emotional and physiological
400
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
There is too much dopamine in some parts of the brain. This is why antipsychotics are used to treat schizophrenia. Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists.
400
What is consolidation theory?
Consolidation is the process by which information is stored into long term memory
400
What role does neurogenesis appear to have in depression? What brain area is neurogenesis occurring in?
Neurogenesis is inversely correlated with depression. In other words, depressed individuals appear to exhibit decreased neurogenesis. Neurogenesis occurs int he hippocampus (remember this area is important for negative feedback of the stress axis AND learning and memory).
400
Explain the self-administration model of drug addiction.
Rats lever press (i.e. perform an operant response) to administer drugs (i.e. cocaine, morphine, nicotine, etc.). If a drug is addictive rats will lever press to give themselves drugs.
400
Prolonged stress damages what parts of the brain? Why is this bad?
Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex. Damage to these areas (especially hippocampus) inhibits negative feedback on the stress response
500
What is the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia? How does it relate to the dopamine hypothesis of schizoprenia?
There isn't enough glutamate in the brain of schizophrenics. Dopamine inhibits glutamate release
500
You told your roommate to take your dog for a walk today. You arrive home and find that your roommate forgot. Provide 3 reasons for why they forgot.
Well i wouldnt worry about this for the exam
500
Draw out the cortisol levels in response to the dexamethasone suppression test in a depressed and non-depressed individual.
Dexamethasone decreases cortisol release by telling the brain that cortisol levels are high. In other words, dexamethasone causes stress axis negative feedback. In normal individuals cortisol levels drop after dexamethasone. In depressed individuals cortisol levels do not drop nearly as much. Ultimately, this tells us that depressed individuals have impaired stress negative feedback.
500
Draw out the reward circuit that all rewarding activities (including addictive drugs) work through.
http://dericbownds.net/uploaded_images/stress_pathway.jpeg ignore the BDNF part
500
Draw the HPA axis
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/HPA_Axis_Diagram_(Brian_M_Sweis_2012).png/350px-HPA_Axis_Diagram_(Brian_M_Sweis_2012).png
M
e
n
u