Action Potentials
Where do the graded potentials summate?
Axon Hillock
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What is the only cranial nerve that provides innervation below the neck (give name & roman numeral)?
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
What is a cerebrovascular accident also known as?
A cerebrovascular accident is also known as a stroke.
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is referred to as the "fight or flight" division? What about the "rest & digest" division?
Sympathetic: fight-or flight
Parasympathetic: rest & digest
What occurs during Depolarization?
Na+ rushes into the neuron
What gives white matter its lighter appearance?
Myelination
Does Cranial Nerve V provide sensory or motor innervation?
Sensory & Motor
What are sensory & motor homunculi?
Sensory & motor homunculi map the sensory/motor cortex based on how many sensory/motor receptors a body region contains.
What does efferent refer to? Afferent?
Efferent = motor
Afferent = sensory
K+ rushes out of the neuron
Do the dorsal and ventral regions of the spinal cord have motor or sensory functions? Which are ascending and which are descending?
Dorsal: sensory, ascending
Ventral: motor, descending
What is the name of cranial nerve XI?
Accessory
What are the three parts of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Which part of the PNS controls involuntary functions in the internal organs, visceral or somatic?
Visceral
What is a relative refractory period? Absolute refractory period?
Relative refractory period: an action potential is possible, but requires a higher stimulus
Absolute refractory period: an action potential is impossible regardless of the stimulus
At which vertebra does the spinal cord end? What is the end of the spinal cord called?
L2 - Conus Meduallaris
What are the two glial cells of the PNS? What are their functions?
Schwann Cells/Neurolemmocytes: myelination
Satellite Cells: Support
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Coordination of fine motor movements, locomotion, and posture
Where are multipolar, bipolar, and pseudounipolar neurons found?
Multipolar Neurons: CNS
Bipolar Neurons: Sensory organs
Pseudounipolar: PNS, specifically dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves
What is the All-or-None response?
All-or-none response: a neuron will fire an action potential only if the neuron meets threshold, and the action potential will always be of the same magnitude regardless of the stimulus strength
Where are the two spinal cord enlargements (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral)?
Cervical & Lumbar
What are the four glial cells of the CNS? What are their functions?
Oligodendrocytes: myelination
Astrocytes: Blood-brain barrier
Ependymal Cells: Cerebrospinal fluid
Microglia: Immunity
What are meninges? What are the three layers of meninges (superficial to deep)? Where are they found?
Meninges provide support & protection to the CNS (where they are found), and they are composed of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and the pia mater.
Correctly order these steps of a Reflex Arc:
Motor Neuron, Integration Center, Effector, Sensory Neuron, Receptor
Receptor, Sensory Neuron, Integration Center, Motor Neuron, Effector