Information Gathering
Variables
Statistics
Graphing Data
Inferential Statistics
100
The use of data analysis and interpretation in health care research
What is Biostatistics?
100
Made up of distinct and separate units or categories an can be expressed by infinite number of measures along a continuum.Quantitative data, such as height, weight, and time, can be expressed in fractions.
What is a continuous variable?
100
Used to summarize, organize, and describe quantitative data. Data are described and summarized using tables and graphs rather than with the raw data.
What is Descriptive statistics?
100
Asymmetrical or skewed data, caused by a few extreme scores.
What is skewed distribution?
100
The first correlation technique is used when both variables are continuous, interval scaled, and have a linear relationship. The second is a variation of r, used to correlate two ordinal variables.
What is the difference between Pearson r and Spearman rank-order correlation?
200
The application of statistical tests to the data in order to organize, describe, summarize, and analyze it to answer a research question or test a hypothesis.
What is Data Analysis?
200
Made up of distinct and separate units or categories, but only counted in whole numbers. DMFT is an example of this quantitative data.
What is a discrete variable?
200
Used to make inferences or generalizations about a population based on data.
What is Inferential Statistics?
200
Presents data that shows the number of times each score occurs in the group of scores.
What is a frequency distribution?
200
The probability that the findings from a study are due to chance, also known as the alpha level. The lower the value, the greater the statistical significance. This value is the probability that the data have a sampling error and the null hypothesis is true.
What is "p value"?
300
Explanation of results, requires critical thinking be used to explain the meaning and application of the findings, identify possible factors that could have influenced the results, and draw inferences to the population.
What is Interpretation?
300
Categorical data
What is data that has no numeric value. Example is male/female, religious preferences. Can be dichotomous (put into two categories such as male/female, pass/fail, yes/no.
300
Mean, median, mode Mean = average, cannot be used to describe nominal data. Symbols used to describe are x or M. Median = The midpoint of the data, the point where half the values are above and half are below. Numbers are first placed in ascending order (array). Can be used to describe ratio, interval, or ordinal data. Mode = The value that occurs most often in the distribution. Could be multi-modal.
What are Measures of central tendency?
300
Bar, histogram, frequency polygon, scattergram, and pie chart. Bar is used to present categorical data. A space separates the bars to emphasize the discrete nature of the data. Histogram is similar to a bar graph but the bars appear side by side, touching. Used for interval or ratio variables and sometimes ordinal variables that are continuous. Frequency polygon is a line graph, data is continuous in nature. Scattergram shows the relationship between two variables. Pie chart represents parts of a whole. Used with lay audiences.
What are types of graphs?
300
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true and should have been accepted. A large sample size can lead to this but a randomly selected sample can avoid.
What is Type I error?
400
Datum
What is the singular term for data?
400
The scales categorical and dichotomous variables use
What are nominal and ordinal scales.
400
Describes how much variation is present in a group of data. The distribution of data. Includes: 1. Range: subtracting the lowest score from the highest score. 2. Variance: The average distance of each score from the mean 3. Standard Deviation (SD) the square root of the variance
What are Measures of Dispersion or Measure of Variability?
400
Accuracy, simplicity, clarity, appearance, well-designed structure.
What are characteristics of effective tables and graphs?
400
Two tests used for parametric data. One compares two mean scores to determine whether a statistically significant difference exists. The other compares mean scores when a third group is used for comparison.
What is t-test and ANOVA?
500
Non-quantitative data which reflects the nature of variables that cannot be measured numerically. Values are expressed as outcomes and can be counted for reporting. These variables can often be rank ordered.
What is Qualitative data?
500
1. Nominal puts data into mutually exclusive categories which have no rank order or value. No numeric relationship exists between categories. 2. Ordinal organizes data into mutually exclusive categories that are rank ordered but the difference between ranks is not equal in value. 3. Interval is also ranked, but the distance between units is equal. The Fahrenheit measurement is an example. 4. Ratio has the value of all preceding scales and has an absolute zero point. Examples are weight, height, blood pressure.
What are the four scales of measurement....and define each?
500
A symmetrical, unimodal, bell-shaped distribution. Also known as Gaussian Curve.
What is Normal Distribution?
500
"r", can be expressed as a number between -1 and +1.
What is the correlation coefficient?
500
Used when variables are discrete, sample size is small, population distributions are not normal, or group variances are not equal when testing a hypothesis. Chi Square test is an example
What is Nonparametric Statistics
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