Study Types
This type of study describes an individual patient’s treatment response.
What is a case report?
In this type of cohort study, exposures are measured in the present and outcomes are followed into the future.
what is a prospective cohort study?
In case-control studies, patients are selected based on this.
What is outcome status (case vs control)?
This bias occurs when groups differ due to how they were chosen.
What is selection bias?
Reliability means this.
What is the ability to produce the same results multiple times?
This type of study observes exposure and outcome at the same point in time.
What is cross-sectional study?
In this type of cohort study, exposures occurred in the past and outcomes are reviewed up to the present.
What is a retrospective cohort study?
This type of study is best for investigating rare outcomes.
What is a case-control study?
This bias occurs when patients must survive to a certain point before being included in a study.
What is immortal time bias?
Validity means this.
What is the extent that a measure approximates the true value?
This type of epidemiology examines the distributions of exposure and outcome in a population
What is descriptive epidemiology?
This is one advantage of cohort studies over cross-sectional studies.
What is maintaining temporal sequence (exposure before outcome)?
This is a key disadvantage of case-control studies compared to cohort studies.
What is they cannot directly estimate incidence of outcomes?
This is when an outside factor distorts the association between exposure and outcome.
what is confounding?
Internal validity refers to this.
What is the degree to which results reflect objective truth (not bias/confounding)?
This type of epidemiology supports a hypothesis about the relationship between exposure and outcome
What is analytic epidemiology?
This is one disadvantage of prospective cohort studies.
What is they can be expensive and take a long time?
This type of bias is common in case-control studies because patients may not remember exposures.
what is recall bias?
This bias occurs when disease is more often detected in patients who are screened more.
what is detection bias?
This is the major threat to internal validity caused by chance.
What is random error?
This is the major limitation of all observational studies.
What is they cannot prove causality?
This problem may create non-causative associations in cohort studies.
what is confounding?
In the statin + MI example, this third factor confounded the association.
what is high LDL?
These methods can reduce information bias.
What are blinding, objective outcomes, and sensitivity analyses?
These three design flaws are the biggest threats to internal validity.
What are selection bias, confounding, and information bias?