Biotechnology
What is the application of biological processes for industrial and other purposes called?
Biotechnology.
Explanation: Biotechnology involves using biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives to create products or technologies to improve human life, such as in medicine and agriculture.
What is the basic unit of heredity that genetic engineering manipulates?
Gene.
Explanation: Genes are the basic units of heredity, made up of DNA, and are responsible for passing traits from parents to offspring. In genetic engineering, genes are modified to change an organism's traits.
What is the primary function of a biosensor?
To detect biological molecules.
Explanation: Biosensors are devices that detect the presence of biological molecules, such as glucose or pathogens, often used in medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
What is the first line of defense in the body’s immune system?
Skin.
Explanation: The skin acts as a physical barrier that prevents pathogens like bacteria and viruses from entering the body, making it the first line of defense in the immune system.
What is the system in the body responsible for defending against infections called?
Immune system.
Explanation: The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful invaders like bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
What is the name of the process where microorganisms or cells are used to produce products like insulin in large quantities?
Fermentation.
Explanation: Fermentation is a biotechnological process where microorganisms convert organic compounds into useful products, such as insulin or ethanol, often used in the pharmaceutical industry
What is the process of inserting foreign DNA into a host organism’s genome called?
Gene cloning.
Explanation: Gene cloning is the process of inserting a gene from one organism into the DNA of another, allowing the host organism to express a new trait or produce a specific protein.
Which component of a biosensor is responsible for detecting the target molecule?
Biological recognition element.
Explanation: The biological recognition element in a biosensor interacts with the target molecule, such as an enzyme or antibody, to initiate the sensing process.
Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies after exposure to a pathogen?
Adaptive immunity.
Explanation: Adaptive immunity is a specific immune response where the body produces antibodies to fight off a pathogen it has encountered before, providing long-term protection.
What type of immunity develops after a person recovers from an infection?
Natural active immunity.
Explanation: Natural active immunity occurs when the immune system produces antibodies and memory cells after an infection, providing protection against future infections by the same pathogen.
Which biotechnology process involves using living organisms to clean up environmental contaminants?
Bioremediation.
Explanation: Bioremediation uses microorganisms or plants to break down or neutralize pollutants from soil, water, or other environments, helping to clean up contamination.
What are the advantages of enzyme immobilization in industrial applications, particularly in biocatalysis?
Enzyme immobilization offers several advantages, including enhanced enzyme stability, reusability, and easier separation from the reaction mixture. Immobilized enzymes also provide better control over the reaction process and can be used in continuous production systems, making them more efficient for industrial applications.
What type of biosensor uses electrical signals to detect changes in a biological system?
Electrochemical biosensor.
Explanation: Electrochemical biosensors measure changes in electrical properties, such as voltage or current, in response to the interaction between the sensor and a biological analyte.
What type of cells in the immune system are known as "killer" cells?
T cells.
Explanation: T cells, specifically cytotoxic T cells, are a type of white blood cell that kill infected or cancerous cells, playing a crucial role in the immune system's ability to eliminate harmful cells.
What type of cell produces antibodies?
B cells.
Explanation: B cells, a type of white blood cell, produce antibodies that help identify and neutralize foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria in the body.
What is the term for creating genetically identical organisms from a single parent using biotechnology techniques?
Cloning.
Explanation: Cloning is a technique in biotechnology used to create exact genetic copies of organisms or cells, which can be useful in research and agriculture.
Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sequences during genetic engineering?
Restriction enzyme
Which technology combines a biosensor with a digital device to provide real-time health monitoring?
Wearable biosensor.
Explanation: Wearable biosensors, such as smartwatches, combine biological sensing with digital technology to provide continuous health monitoring, like tracking heart rate or glucose levels.
What is the name of the process by which the immune system destroys foreign substances that have been marked by antibodies?
Phagocytosis.
Explanation: Phagocytosis is the process where immune cells, like macrophages, engulf and digest foreign particles or pathogens that have been marked by antibodies.
What is the term for a weakened or killed pathogen that is used in vaccines to stimulate immunity?
Antigen.
Explanation: An antigen is a substance, usually a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen, introduced into the body through vaccination to trigger an immune response and create immunity.
What is the mechanism of action of Dornase alfa in the treatment of cystic fibrosis?
Dornase alfa is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (DNase) enzyme that works by breaking down extracellular DNA in the mucus of patients with cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, thick, sticky mucus accumulates in the lungs due to the release of DNA from degenerating neutrophils. Dornase alfa hydrolyzes this DNA, reducing mucus viscosity and improving airflow, thereby enhancing lung function and decreasing the risk of infections.
What is the name of the organisms that have been genetically modified using foreign DNA?
Transgenic organisms.
Explanation: Transgenic organisms are those that have received DNA from a different species through genetic engineering, enabling them to express new traits, such as resistance to pests in crops.
What is role of selectable markers in vector-based cloning ?
Selectable markers are genes inserted into vectors that allow researchers to identify cells that have successfully taken up the vector. A commonly used selectable marker is the antibiotic resistance gene, such as ampicillin resistance, which enables only the cells with the vector to grow in the presence of the antibiotic.
What is the name of the small signaling proteins that are released by immune cells to regulate immune responses?
Cytokines.
Explanation: Cytokines are proteins released by immune cells that help regulate the immune system’s response to infections, inflammation, and trauma, coordinating the activity of immune cells.
What is the name of the process in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own healthy cells?
Autoimmune response.
Explanation: An autoimmune response occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the body’s own cells as "self" and attacks them, leading to diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.