Technical Applications
These crops are farmed to achieve an increase in yields, decrease in pesticides, and increase in food value.
What are genetically modified (GM) crops?
These bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein.
What are peptide bonds?
These small accessory rings of DNA that replicate independently of an organism's genome.
What are plasmids?
Use of gravitational force to separate particles in a solution based on their size, shape, and density.
What is centrifugation?
Diagnostic immunoassays for infectious diseases, such as strep throat, are commonly used by physicians to quickly diagnose patients. These immunoassays utilize the reaction of antibodies to these from a patient’s sample.
What are antigens?
This is the study of the full complement of DNA in a cell.
What are genomics?
This structure of a protein is the unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
What is the tertiary structure?
Complementary base pairing between two DNA strands is due to the formation of these bonds.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Holding this vertically during aspiration and dispensing is crucial for ensuring accurate measurements.
What is a micropipette?
Working for Company A, a technician was trained on a particular method for performing an assay. Now working at Company B, the technician is asked to perform the same assay using Company B's test record. The technician notes that Company B's method is much slower. The technician should follow this company's test record.
What is Company B?
Ion-exchange chromatography is primarily used for the separation of proteins based on this.
What is charge?
These bonds maintain the secondary structure of a protein.
What are hydrogen bonds?
In the process of generating a genetically modified plant that is resistant to a certain pest, a scientist needs to insert a specific gene into the plant's genome. This enzyme is primarily used to join the gene of interest to the plant DNA.
What is DNA Ligase?
The fragments of DNA in gel electrophoresis move away from the negative cathode and are attracted to the positive anode because DNA has this charge.
What is negatively charged?
Gels are used to separate pieces of RNA, DNA, and protein. This type of gel is typically used for protein electrophoresis.
What is polyacrylamide?
This type of engineering is the alteration of an organism's genetic, or hereditary, material in nature or in the laboratory and it is a precursor step in producing recombinant proteins for therapeutic use.
What is genetic engineering?
Translation in prokaryotes takes place at this location.
What are ribosomes?
These enzymes are used to amplify DNA in a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
What are DNA polymerase?
A key advantage of using this technique in molecular diagnostics is that it enables rapid DNA amplification and detection for diagnosis.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ?
This is the process through which the genetic makeup of a cell is altered by introducing foreign DNA into a bacterial cell.
What is transformation?
Many biopharmaceuticals must go through a purification process to separate them from cellular debris, media, and other components used during cell culture. This is a commonly used technique to separate proteins from complex mixtures.
What is chromatography?
The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because these.
What are side chains (R groups)?
Each restriction enzyme has a specific sequence of nucleotides where it cuts the DNA. These sequences of DNA are unique to each restriction enzyme and are known as this.
What are restriction sites?
This molecular biology technique is used for separating DNA fragments based on their size.
What is gel electrophoresis?
These should be included in gel electrophoresis to determine the sizes of the DNA fragments on the gel.
What are molecular weight markers? (or DNA ladders)