Bipolar 1
Name two risk factors for bipolar I disorder.
Genetics (bipolar disorder runs in families)
Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) imbalance
Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortical region
Hypothyroidism is a common physical abnormality associated with bipolar disorder
The lower levels of mania in Bipolar II is referred to as what?
Hypomania
How does cyclothymia differ from the other bipolar disorders?
Lessened severity of symptoms
What is the definition of mania?
Mania is a period of persistent mood elevation, expansiveness, irritability, & goal-oriented activity or energy; lasting at least one weeks and present most of the day.
What disorders are Bipolar II often mistaken for?
MDD and personality disorders
Name "high" symptoms of cyclothymia
An exaggerated feeling of happiness or well-being (euphoria)
Extreme optimism
Inflated self-esteem
Poor judgment that can result in risky behavior or unwise choices
Racing thoughts
Irritable or agitated behavior
Name three symptoms of a manic disorder.
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative
Flight of ideas
Distractibility
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in risk behavior activity
How is Bipolar II diagnosed?
Presence or history of at least one hypomanic episode
Name 3 "low" symptoms of cyclothymia.
Feeling sad, hopeless or empty
Tearfulness
Loss of interest in activities once considered enjoyable
Changes in weight
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Sleep problems
Fatigue or feeling slowed down
Name a medication that can be used to treat bipolar disorder.
Lithium (first-line treatment)
Valproate
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
What percent of individuals with Bipolar II have comorbid anxiety disorders?
75%
What are some approved medications that can be used to treat cyclothymia?
Trick question: there are none approved by the FDA, but doctors may prescribe bipolar medications to help with symptoms.
Name two nursing interventions for Bipolar Disorder.
Sleep: Encourage frequent rest periods and keep patient in areas of low stimulation
Hygiene: Encourage appropriate clothing
Elimination: Offer fluids and foods high in fiber
What percent of individuals with Bipolar II suffer from an eating disorder?
14%
Name two common comorbidities.
Anxiety
Impulse control
Substance use
personality disorders