REDOX/ Chemistry
Which compound is most oxidized?
A. CH4
B. C2H6
C. Glucose
D. CO2
D. CO2
This law states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
The second law of thermodynamics
Malfunction of this enzyme causes breaks/ nicks in the DNA backbone.
Ligase
What is the name of the location where spindle fibers attach to the chromatid?
Kinetochore
This mutation leads to a Stop codon/ truncated protein
Nonsense mutation
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
This is the name of the integral membrane protein that transports two ions or molecules across the cell membrane in opposite directions
Antiporter
Faster degradation of DNA would occur if this enzyme did not lengthen the 3' overhang.
Telomerase
What is the structure that is formed when homologous chromosomes interact and exchange genetic material?
Chiasmata
The breaking of this bond provides energy to join nucleotides together
phosphoanhydride bond
Which of the following compounds can oxidize ubiquinone (red)?
A. Cytochrome b (ox)
B. Cytochrome c (ox)
C. Cytochrome c (red)
D. Cytochrome b (red)
B. Cytochrome c (ox)
The synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation occurs by:
A. transport of electron to ATP synthase by coenzyme Q
B. an excess proton concentration across a membrane
C. proton driven conformation changes in ATP synthase
D. magic
C. proton driven conformation changes in ATP synthase
DNA polymerase I
The law that states that alleles for separate traits are passed independently of one another
The law of independent assortment
This determines where RNA polymerase binds to DNA and which strand of DNA is read for transcription
Promoter
This macromolecule consists of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrate
More energy is harvest during the TCA cycle than during glycolysis. But, in the TCA cycle, only 1 mole of ATP is produced for each more of acetyl CoA that enters the cycle. Most of the remaining energy harvest during the citric acid cycle is:
A. used to synthesize GTP
B. used to reduce electron carriers
C. lost as heat
D. converted to kinetic energy
E. used to reduce pyruvate
B. used to reduce electron carriers
Which strand grows away from the replication fork and which strand grows towards the fork?
away - lagging/ Okazaki fragments
toward - leading
Which of the following represent fertilization in humans?
A. n + n = n
B. n + 2n = 3n
C. 2n - n = n
D. n + n = 2n
D. n + n = 2n
Which of the following activities does the ribosome perform?
A. establishing the reading frame and forming peptide bonds
B. polymerizing dNTPs
C. removing incorrect amino acids
D. adding correct AAs to tRNA
A. establishing the reading frame and forming peptide bonds
What is the Δ E for this half reaction:
2H+ + 2e- / H2
S + 2e- / H2S
ΔE = 0.14
Where is NADH produced (2 right answers)?
I. idk?
II. Reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis
III. Reduction of NAD+ in the TCA cycle
IIII. Reduction of NAD+ in the electron transport chain
II. Reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis
III. Reduction of NAD+ in the TCA cycle
Compared to RNA polymerase, DNA polymerase has a much lower error rate for nucleotide incorporation. What structural difference between the two polymerases accounts for this?
A. RNA polymerase incorporates the nucleic acids into sequences in such a way that they are more tightly bound to their partner nucleic acid, thus making it much more difficult to replace incorrect insertions.
B. DNA polymerase contains a proof-reading domain that allows it to recognize incorrect base-pair insertion before moving on; RNA polymerase does not.
C. RNA is much less stable that DNA, and this instability makes it much harder for RNA polymerase to proofread as it incorporates bases into the sequence.
B. DNA polymerase contains a proof-reading domain that allows it to recognize incorrect base-pair insertion before moving on; RNA polymerase does not.
Where does crossing over occur between sister chromatids?
A. Anaphase II
B. Metaphase II
C. Prophase I
D. Prophase II
E. None of the above
E. None of the above
Which of the following is not an example of post-transcriptional modification of a primary strand of mRNA?
A. Addition of the poly-A tail
B. Insertion of exons
C. Addition of the 5' cap
D. Removal of introns
B. Insertion of exons