REDOX and Proteins
What is Newton's 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What are the 3 processes in aerobic cellular respiration and how many gross ATP do they produce?
Glycolysis (2 ATP in, 4 out), TCA (2 ATP out), ETC (32 ATP out)
1 Glucose = 36 net ATP
When does crossing over occur between sister chromatids?
1. Anaphase II
2. Metaphase I
3. Prophase I
4. Prophase II
Answer can include one phase, multiple phases, or none of the phases
Crossing over does not occur between sister chromatids.
Crossing over occurs at the chiasmata for homologous pairs during Prophase I.
What is the central dogma?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
What are the phases of the cell cycle, and what happens during each phase? Include checkpoints.
G1 - growth phase. Cell creates proteins etc
G1 Checkpoint - near end of G1. Checking for nutrients, growth factor, etc.
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - more growth, organelles
G2 checkpoint - check that DNA is replicated correctly and cell size is good
M - mitosis
G0 - resting phase if cell fails G1 checkpoint
Which compound is most oxidized?
A) CH4
B) C2H6
C) C6H12O6
D) CO2
D) CO2
Where is NADH produced?
I. Reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis
II. Reduction of NAD+ in the TCA cycle
III. Reduction of NAD+ in the electron transport chain
Answer can include one choice (ex: II), multiple choices (ex: I, II, III), or none of the choices
I and II only
I. Reduction of NAD+ in glycolysis
II. Reduction of NAD+ in the TCA cycle
Including plant and animal cells, which organelles contain DNA?
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
A synthesized RNA molecule contains the following base sequence: 5’-AGUUCGAACGU-3’. What is the corresponding base sequence in the non-template strand of the DNA on which it was formed?
A. 5’-AGUUCGAACGU-3’
B. 5’-AGTTCGAACGT-3’
C. 5’-TCAAGCTTGCA-3’
D. 5’-ACTTGCAAGCT-3’
B. 5’-AGTTCGAACGT-3’
During which phase does crossing over occur? What is the crossing over site called and why is it important?
Crossing over occurs during the end of Prophase I at sites called the chiasmata. Crossing over is important for genetic diversity.
List and explain the 4 levels of protein structure. Include specific features.
The 3 types of transport we learned about are simple diffusion, facilitated transport, and active transport.
What kind of transport would each of these molecules use to get across the cell membrane? Concentrations are in parenthesis.
CO2 (high to low)
Nonpolar Amino Acids (low to high)
Na+ (high to low)
Glucose (high to low)
Steroids (high to low)
CO2 (high to low) - simple diffusion
Nonpolar AAs (low to high) - active transport
Na+ (high to low) - facilitated diffusion
Glucose (high to low) - facilitated diffusion
Steroids (high to low) - simple diffusion
Which is true of the DNA in one of your brain cells?
A. Most of the DNA codes for protein
B. The majority of genes are likely to be transcribed
C. Each gene is directly next to an enhancer
D. Exons are spliced and in the final mRNA
E. It is the same as the DNA in your cardiac (heart) cells
E. It is the same as the DNA in your cardiac (heart) cells
Which of the following sites would you predict to be present in the gene encoding a tRNA molecule and what would be their order?
I. Promoter II. RBS III. EPA site
IV. Transcription Start V. Translation Start
VI. Transcription End VII. Translation End
I. Promoter, IV. Transcription Start, VI. Transcription End
Meiosis begins with the cell making hundreds of double strand breaks in its chromosomes. Why?
A) To repair damaged DNA.
B) To change the order of genes along the chromosome.
C) To help sister chromatids find and bind to one another.
D) To help homologous chromosomes find and bind to one another.
E) Crossing over happens in mitosis only.
D) To help homologous chromosomes find and bind to one another.
Draw a condensation reaction between Glycine and Phenylalanine. What kind of bond joins the two amino acids? Label the N and C termini.
Glucine R group= H
Phenylalanine R group = ring
What are the inputs and outputs of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
Light reactions
In: H2O, ADP, NADP+
Out: O2, ATP, NADPH
Calvin Cycle
In: CO2, ATP, NADPH
Out: Sugar, ADP, NADP+
What happens if the G1 checkpoint is broken? In which kind of cells might this occur?
The cells will continue rapidly dividing. This often happens in cancer cells.
What are the 6 main enzymes used during DNA Replication that we learned about and what do they do? (Hint: not including DNA polymerase 2, we don't care about it)
Helicase, Primase, DNA Pol III, DNA Pol I, Ligase, Telomerase
Scientists have found a novel organism, named NovaXYZ, which follows the same cell cycle as humans. A tissue sample is collected from NovaXYZ and the cells are assayed for DNA content. Immediately following mitosis, the cells were found to have an average of 54 picograms of DNA per nucleus.
Those cells would have __________ picograms at the end of the S phase and ______ picograms at the end of G2.
108 picograms, 108 picograms