Biology
What is the study of life?
Biology
Listing from most common to least common, what are the 4 macromolecules found in living things?
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids
What which cofactors aid in oxidation/reduction of a reaction?
Iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+)
Copper (Cu+ or Cu2+)
What makes up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the Central Dogma?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Explain the differences between aerobic and anaerobic processes
Aerobic uses oxygen while anaerobic does not need oxygen
What polar bonds are present in nucleic acids?
P-O
O-H
C-O
N-H
List the prosthetic groups. Are they permanent? (yes or no)
Heme, Flavin, Retinal
They are permanently bonded to the group
What is the goal of the Scientific Method?
To reject the null hypothesis
Name two differences between DNA and RNA
RNA: Ribose sugar, Single-Stranded, Has Uracil, Has a Hydroxyl group on the 2'C
DNA: Deoxyribose sugar, Double-Stranded, Thymine, Has a Hydrogen group on the 2'C
What are the most abundant elements on Earth?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
List the functions of carbohydrates
Energy Storage, Energy Transport, Structural support, Cell Membrane Connections
What is the difference between competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition?
Competitive: competes with the substrate for the active site
Non-competitive: inhibitor binds to a site that does not block the substrate
How many bonds does Carbon form?
4 bonds
How should DNA be read?
from 3' to 5'
From smallest to largest, list the organization of cells
Atoms -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Organ System -> Organisms -> Populations -> Communities -> Landscape -> Biosphere
At which structure of a protein will you find disulfide bridges?
Tertiary Structure
What are the characteristics of the signal transduction pathway?
receptor, signal, response
What is the strongest type of bond elements can form?
Covalent
What type of reaction combines phosphodiester bonds?
List 5 shared characteristics in living organisms
(any is acceptable)
(1) have common chemical compounds, (2) are made up of cells, (3) convert environmental molecules to biological molecules, (4) extract energy from the environment to do work, (5) regulate their internal environments, (6) contain genetic information used to develop, maintain themselves, function, and reproduce, (7) use a universal molecular code to build proteins from genomic information, (8) exist in populations that evolve
What is the monomer and polar bond found in lipids?
Trick question, they don't have any polar bonds or monomers.
What junctions do animal cells use to communicate? What junctions do plant cells use to communicate?
Gap Junctions
Plasmodesmata
Define Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic cells.
Hydrophobic dislikes water
Hydrophilic likes water
What bases are Purines? What bases are Pyrimidines?
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil