C. Elegans & Ascidians
These proteins ensure that the first division in C. elegans development is asymmetric.
What are PAR proteins?
This cleavage pattern is seen in Sea Urchins embryos, producing macromeres and micromeres.
What is radial cleavage?
This term describes the darkly pigmented half of a Xenopus egg.
What is the animal pole?
This term describes the movement of cells during primitive streak formation.
What is ingression?
This process, seen in mice embryos, inverts the embryo.
What is "turning"?
These mRNAs and proteins localize to the posterior end of the embryo before the first cell division, and are determinants for the germ line.
What are P granules?
These small cells act as inducers for gut formation.
What are micromeres?
This signaling center is thought to be an earlier developmental stage of the Spemann-Mangold organizer.
What is the Nieuwkoop center?
This layer of cells becomes displaced by the endoblast later in development.
What is the hypoblast?
This process creates the morula.
What is compaction?
What is myoplasm?
This chemical is used to activate the Wnt pathway, regardless if a Wnt signal is actually present.
What is LiCl?
This structure forms in the midline of an embryo during neurulation.
What is the notochord?
During neurulation, this structure regresses and leaves behind cells specified to become the head, notochord, and somites.
What is Hensen's node?
This mass of cells will give rise to the entire embryo (not including extra-embryonic structures).
What is the Inner Cell Mass (ICM)?
This signaling molecule is important for specifying notochord cell fate in ascidians.
What is FGF (fibroblast growth factor)?
Following gastrulation and the formation of a mouth, this new axis is defined.
What is the oral/aboral axis?
These blocks of tissue give rise to muscle and skeleton.
What are somites?
During primitive streak formation, this protein antagonizes Nodal signaling from epiblast cells.
What is Cerberus?
During the formation of the left-right axis, the coordinated beating of cilia and an increase in intracellular Ca2+ leads to the upregulation of this signaling molecule.
What is Nodal?
In a 4-celled C. elegans embryo, this cell would not be able to divide asymmetrically if Wnt/MOM-2 signaling was blocked.
What is the EMS cell?
This term is used to described the state of a Sea Urchin embryo when Wnt signaling is activated throughout the entire embryo.
During cortical rotation, these two maternal factors are moved to the dorsal side of the embryo.
What are Xwnt-11 mRNAs and Dishevelled proteins?
These two signaling molecules belong to the TGF-B family and are involved in the formation of the primitive streak.
What are Nodal and Vg-1?
In chicks, the hypoblast prevents primitive streak formation by inhibiting Nodal signals. In mammals, these two structures accomplish the same goal.
What are the DVE and the AVE?
(distal visceral endoderm and anterior visceral endoderm)