Exam 1 (ch. 1-6)
The amphipathic molecule that composes the majority of the cell membrane.
Bonus: define amphipathic
Phospholipid
Bonus: having hydrophilic and hydrophobic components
Bonus: name all net inputs and outputs
Glycolysis
Bonus: Glucose + NAD+ + ADP --> 2 Pyruvate + NADH + ATP
Name the strand of DNA that is NOT replicated continuously
Bonus: what are the resulting "pieces" called?
Lagging strand
Bonus: Okazaki fragments
____ cells undergo mitosis, while ____ cells undergo meiosis.
Bonus: what is the result of meiosis?
Bonus: haploid germ cells
The central dogma of biology
Bonus: name the process of each step
DNA --> RNA --> protein
Bonus: transcription, translation
In a ribosome, tRNAs enter at the __ site, move to the __ site, and leave from the __ site
Bonus: what occurs at the P site?
A, P, E
Bonus: a new peptide bond is formed
Chloroplasts and mitochondria produce ATP via _____ phosphorylation
Bonus: what enzyme drives this process
Bonus: ATP synthase
The steps of mitosis
Bonus: draw the steps on the board
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Acetyl groups make DNA ___ condensed while methyl groups make DNA ___ condensed
Bonus: how does this affect transcription?
Less, more
Bonus: decondensed DNA results in more transcription, condensed DNA results in less transcription
_______ remove phosphate groups, ______ add phosphate groups
Bonus: what does adding a phosphate to a protein do?
Phosphatases, kinases
Bonus: adding a phosphate activates a protein
For a cell in a ______ solution, water will move out of the cell and into its surroundings.
Bonus: name of solution where no net movement occurs
Hypertonic
Bonus: isotonic
What are the types of cytoskeletal elements/fibers?
Bonus: what are the monomers that compose each of these?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Bonus: microfilaments = actin, intermediate filaments = varies, microtubules = tubulin
Name the steps of PCR
Bonus: how does gel electrophoresis help to see results?
Bonus: gel electrophoresis separates DNA molecules by size (smaller pieces move farther)
What are the levels of eukaryotic gene regulation?
Bonus: why don't prokaryotes share the same levels?
Histone modification, transcription, RNA processing, RNA lifespan, translation, and post translational modifications
Bonus: prokaryotes have single, circular chromosomes and no nucleus (or RNA processing)
Name three differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Bonus: how do these differences affect gene expression?
Large vs small, circular vs linear chromosomes, one vs many chromosomes, no compartmentalization vs organelles, etc.
Bonus: because prokaryotes lack a nucleus, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously. Eukaryotes do each process separately with an extra step in between (RNA processing)
What are all of the names for a reaction with a +ΔG?
Bonus: define activation energy (Ea)
Anabolism, endergonic, uphill, nonspontaneous
Bonus: the amount of energy needed to get a reaction to progress
Bonus: what does each flow produce?
Cyclic and non-cyclic
Bonus: cyclic flow produces just ATP, non-cyclic flow produces both ATP and NADPH
A gene that promotes cell division and can cause cancer when overexpressed
Bonus: name of the mutated version
Proto-oncogene
Bonus: oncogene
Two homologous chromosomes form a ____ that can "cross over" at _____
Bonus: how does crossing over create variation?
Bivalent tetrad, chiasmata
Bonus: sister chromatids are no longer identical
What is the importance of variation in a population?
Bonus: what is the ultimate source of all variation?
Variation allows for evolution, which allows populations to survive and adapt to their environments.
Bonus: mutations
Name all components involved in transcription (for eukaryotes)
Bonus: molecule that transcription produces
General transcription factors, transcriptional activator proteins, mediator complex, RNA polymerase (also template strand of DNA)
Bonus: mRNA
Name the components of G protein coupled reception
Bonus: what secondary messenger does GPCR trigger?
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), G protein, target protein (also GTP and ligand)
Bonus: cyclic AMP (cAMP)
The following DNA template strand is mutated:
Original: TAC CCG GTA AAC CTA GCC ACT
Mutated: TAC CCG GTA ATC CTA GCC ACT
What kind of mutation is this?
Bonus: the resulting protein will be ____
Point mutation, nonsense
Bonus: truncated, non-functional
A test cross is performed on a yellow pea plant to determine its genotype. What would the results be if the yellow pea plant is heterozygous?
Bonus: what would the results be if the yellow pea plant is homozygous?
50% yellow, 50% green
Bonus: 100% yellow
Define the endosymbiotic theory
Bonus: name a piece of evidence for this theory.
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotes that were engulfed by another cell
Bonus: mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and replicate independently of the cell, both are bound by a double membrane, etc.