Key Terms
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests; Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people
What is Nationalism?
Jamaican-born Black nationalist and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement, which sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide.
Who is Marcus Garvey?
Founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas. Promoted racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members.
What is the National of Islam?
A 1920 Black Star Line business meeting in Harlem’s Liberty Hall brought together 25,000 UNIA delegates from around the world, and produced this important statement of principles
What is the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World?
The conviction and lengthy sentencing of two prepubescent African-American boys in 1958 in Monroe, North Carolina that was protested by Robert F. Williams and other civil rights members.
What is the Kissing Case?
The right of a people to decide upon its own political status or form of government, without outside influence
What is Self-Determination?
Founder of the Republic of New Afrika who presented a petition to the United Nations calling for reparations.
Who is Audley "Queen Mother" Moore?
Dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent Black nation in Africa
What is the United Negro Improvement Association?
A radio program broadcast from Cuba by American Civil Rights Leader Robert F. Williams in the early 1960s that advocated for racial equality. It called on Black Americans to rise up against what Williams saw as an inherently racist system.
What is Radio Free Dixie?
Founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to encourage and support the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa.
What is the American Colonization Society?
The process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society
A militant civil rights leader whose open advocacy of armed self-defense anticipated the movement for “black power” in the late 1960s
Who is Robert F. Williams?
Founded in 1964 in Jonesboro, Louisiana to protect civil rights activists from the Ku Klux Klan. The organization was made up of black veterans from World War II, who believed in armed self-defense.
Who were the Deacons for Defense and Justice?
An 11-member Presidential Commission established by President Lyndon B. Johnson in Executive Order 11365 to investigate the causes of the long, hot summer of 1967 in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future.
What is the Kerner Commission?
The name given to the 159 race riots that erupted across the United States in the summer of 1967
What is the Long, Hot Summer?
When people return to their country or place of origin after a significant period in another country
What is Repatriation?
Arguably the first proponent of black nationalism. Credited with the Pan-African slogan of "Africa for Africans."
Martin Delany
Advocated armed defense against racist assaults and the creation of an independent black socialist commonwealth. It sought to unite black radicals around the issues of racism, colonialism, black nationalism, and anti-capitalism and, through its merger of class and race consciousness, provided the primary gateway for black radicals’ entrance into the Communist movement in the early to mid 1920s.
What is the African Blood Brotherhood?
A television documentary about Black nationalism in the United States, which introduced the Nation of Islam as a Black hate group
What is The Hate That HAte Produced?
This person who succeeded Stokely Carmichael as the chairman of SNCC developed militancy within SNCC by alienating white members and aligning the organization with the Black Panther Party.
Who is H. Rap Brown?
Violence applied in the pursuit of justice
What is Revolutionary Violence?
One of the first proponents of repatriation and the return of peoples of African descent to Liberia
Who is Henry McNeal Turner?
An independent political party in Alabama that came out of the voter organizing efforts of Stokely Carmichael and used the black panther as its symbol.
What is the Lowndes County Freedom Party?
Written by Robert F. Williams, this book is the story of a southern black community's struggle to arm itself in self-defense against the Ku Klux Klan and other racist groups.
What is Negroes with Guns?
The three week march struggling with death threats, arrests, and tear gas, as well as internal tensions including leadership, routing, and use of the slogan "Black Power."
What is the Meredith March?