cell cycle
replicated chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell during this stage of the cell cycle
what is metaphase?
these phenotypes are influenced by multiple genes
what is a pleiotropic trait?
these help proteins fold correctly in the cell
molecular chaperones
brings reactants together in a precise orientation
what is an enzyme?
structure through which gas exchange occurs
what is the stomata
at this process during meiosis I, homologs attach at many points and exchange genes which results in the chromosomes having a combination of maternal and paternal alleles
what is crossing over?
phenotype of one gene is dependent on the alleles of another gene
what is gene-gene interaction?
this type of macromolecule has a C-terminus and N-terminus
what is an amino acid?
allows chemical energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions
what is energetic coupling?
this molecule is very inefficient because it can undergo a process that undoes photosynthesis
what is rubisco?
in this phase of the cell cycle the nuclear envelop begins to break down
what is prophase
this experiment was performed to determine if genes were in DNA or protein
what is the Hershey-Chase experiment?
these are the improperly folded versions of polypeptides
what is a prion?
serves as a zip code that marks molecule for transport into the nucleus
what is the nuclear localization signal?
pathway that cells take when the environment is dry
what is the c4 pathway?
this process results when both homologs move to the same pole of the parent cell and products end up with abnormal amounts of chromosomes
what is nondisjunction?
set of regulated bacterial genes that are transcribed together into one mRNA
what is an operon
this macromolecule has a hairpin secondary structure
what is RNA?
gaps between plant cell walls that connect cells
what is a plasmodesmata?
spectrum of light most efficient for photosynthesis
action spectrum
this molecule induces mitosis in all eukaryotic cells
what is m-phase promoting factor?
transport of lactose into the cell is inhibited when glucose levels outside of the cell are high
what is inducer exclusion?
this structural polymer is formed from N-acetylglucosamine monomers and linked by beta-1-4-glycosidic linkages
what is peptidoglycan?
reservoir for Ca2+ ions and contain enzymes that synthesize/break down lipids
what is the smooth ER?
occasionally PSI will transport e-s to this molecule in the ETC of PSII to increase ATP production
what is plastoquinone?