Back to the basics.
This term refers to the totality of ways in which society enacts racial discrimination across institutions, culture, and history.
What is structural racism?
Race science falsely assumes that race is this kind of category, rather than socially constructed.
What is a biological?
This term refers to the disproportionate exposure of communities of color to environmental hazards.
What is environmental racism?
Black students are more likely than white students to be placed in special education under these subjective categories.
What are high-incidence disabilities?
According to Bonilla-Silva, this form of racism is “the new clothing” of racial ideology in post–civil rights America.
What is colorblind racism?
CPJ describes this level of racism as inaction in the face of need and as “differential access to goods, services, and opportunities.”
CPJ describes this level of racism as inaction in the face of need and as “differential access to goods, services, and opportunities.”
A common misconception rooted in race science is that Black people feel less of this compared to white people.
What is pain?
Residential segregation has led to Black communities experiencing greater exposure to these environmental conditions.
What are pollution, lack of green space, poor air quality, or toxic waste?
How dominant culture controls curriculum content and delivery of the educational experience.
What is master scripting?
The "second ID" concept highlights how this modern practice connects to historical surveillance of Black bodies.
What is campus policing or hyper-surveillance in white institutional spaces?
According to CPJ, racism is a system that unfairly disadvantages some and unfairly advantages others. What are the three levels through which this system operates?
What are institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized racism?
Inputting race into diagnostic algorithms as a biological factor can perpetuate these kinds of health inequities in medicine.
What are clinical misdiagnoses and/ or unequal treatment?
Place impacts health not only through environmental exposure but also through access to these social determinants.
What are healthcare, education, food, and employment?
Black students in special education are more likely to receive this type of exit credential compared to white students.
What is a certificate of completion (vs. high school diploma)?
Structural racism is reinforced by the interactions of these societal components (name three).
What are institutions, policies, history, culture, and individuals?
Structural racism is often invisible because it is built into everyday structures. Name two examples of material conditions or access to power that reflect this.
What are access to clean environments, housing, medical facilities, education, wealth, voting rights, or historical knowledge?
Race can be used in research only if it's conceptualized this way, rather than as a biological fact.
What is a proxy for racism or social experience?
These intersecting barriers disproportionately affect health outcomes in racially segregated neighborhoods. Name two.
What are underfunded schools, poor housing quality, lack of healthcare access, food deserts, or policing?
In schools, whiteness is often treated as the “norm,” and this reinforces low expectations for Black students.
What is deficit thinking or implicit bias?
While ________ refers to the internal process of forming assumptions about an individual based on perceived racial group membership, ________ involves the outward expression of those assumptions through differential treatment or behavior.
What is the prejudice and discrimination?
This framework expands on CPJ’s model to include four interconnected levels of racism: one that operates through societal systems, one that involves unequal access to resources, one that manifests through interpersonal bias, and one that reflects internalized beliefs about one’s own group.
What are structural (system-wide inequality), institutionalized (differential access to resources and opportunity), personally mediated (prejudice and discrimination), and internalized (acceptance of negative societal beliefs by marginalized groups) racism?
In her video lecture, this scholar argues that race-based medicine perpetuates health inequities by reinforcing the false idea that race is biological rather than a reflection of social and political conditions.
Who is Dorothy Roberts?
This 20th-century federal program, originally intended to support homeownership, used racially coded maps to deny mortgage access in Black neighborhoods, laying the groundwork for present-day environmental health disparities.
What is the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) or redlining?
Name any three U.S. Supreme Court cases that have significantly shaped the racial politics of education; whether by upholding segregation, mandating desegregation, limiting federal enforcement, or defining the scope of affirmative action.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – upheld “separate but equal”
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – struck down racial segregation in public schools
Milliken v. Bradley (1974) – limited desegregation remedies to within district lines
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) – upheld affirmative action but banned racial quotas
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) – upheld race as one factor in holistic admissions
Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard/UNC (2023) – banned affirmative action in college admissions
This concept refers to the dominant perspective through which knowledge is filtered, legitimized, and reproduced in academic spaces—structuring whose stories are centered and whose are omitted. According to the framework by Lartey and Beauchamp (2022), it’s not just about who is included, but how power shapes what is considered valid knowledge.
What is the white gaze?