DKA Country
In DKA, this electrolyte must be replenished even if serum levels are normal, once urine output is established, before starting insulin.
What is potassium?
This term describes an inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues.
What is hypoxia?
This diagnosis should be considered in patients with COPD exacerbation who fail to improve as expected.
What is PE?
This biopsy-based grading system is used to assess the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, with higher scores indicating more aggressive disease.
What is the Gleason score?
This neurologic condition often resulting from poorly controlled DM or chemotherapy can cause chronic disequilibrium, often worsened in the dark or on uneven surfaces.
What is peripheral neuropathy?
More cases of DKA occur in this type of diabetes mellitus.
What is Type 2 diabetes? (T2DM is far more prevalent; higher portion of T1DM will experience DKA)
This is the physiologic cause of hypercapnic respiratory failure.
What is alveolar hypoventilation?
In AECOPD, the presence of these two cardinal symptoms, in addition to dyspnea, indicates a higher likelihood for antibiotic benefit.
GOLD indications for Abx:
Any 2 of the cardinal symptoms, if ↑ sputum purulence is one of them
Requiring mechanical ventilation
CRP or procalcitonin to determine?
This class of medications, which includes Leuprolide and Goserelin, is commonly used in advanced prostate cancer to achieve androgen deprivation.
What are GnRH agonists (or LHRH agonists)?
The "Head Impulse Test, Nystagmus, Test of Skew" (HINTS) exam is primarily used to differentiate between peripheral and central causes in this specific clinical syndrome.
What is Acute Vestibular Syndrome?
This is the arterial pH delineating SEVERE DKA.
What is arterial pH < 7.0?
This is the P/F ratio required for the (Berlin) definition of ARDS with PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O.
P/F ≤ 300
moderate ≤ 200 mmHg
severe ≤ 100 mmHg
In a patient with anemia of chronic disease, this inflammatory marker is often elevated, inactivating ferroportin and trapping iron within macrophages & hepatocytes.
What is hepcidin?
This is a unusual cause of (pre)syncope that is often precipitated by arm muscle activity in the setting of stenosis of an artery in the thorax.
What is subclavian steal syndrome?
This inner ear disorder is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness.
What is Meniere's Disease?
This is the calculated serum chemistry value that should be followed to evaluate response to treatment.
What is the anion gap?
Vitamin D supplementation may reduce frequency of COPD exacerbation in patients with Vit D below this level.
What is 10ng/mL (25 nmol/L)?
This is 1st line therapy for HCM with symptomatic LVOT obstruction.
What are non-vasodilating β(1)-blockers.
(metoprolol, atenolol, bisoprolol)
Also 1st line: verapamil, disopyramide (Class 1A, Na channel blocker)
In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, this specific type of imaging is more sensitive than conventional bone scan for detecting early bone metastases.
What is PSMA PET scan?
(prostate-specific membrane antigen)
This characteristic of nystagmus, when seen in acute continuous vertigo, is highly concerning for a central lesion.
What is purely vertical or direction-changing nystagmus (not suppressed with fixation)?
This is the typical water deficit in DKA in Liters (+/- 1 L).
What is ~6L?
or ~100mL/kg
These are 4 of the 6 causes of hypoxemia.
What are:
(Normal A-a gradient): low inspired pO2, alveolar hypoventilation, low SvO2
(Increase A-a gradient): V/Q mismatch, shunt, diffusion limitation
This type of dyspnea, characterized by difficulty breathing in the upright position (and improvement when recumbent), is a hallmark symptom of hepatopulmonary syndrome.
What is platypnea?
(Orthodeoxia is a decrease in paO2 by > 4 mmHg or SpO2 by > 3% when supine --> upright)
For a patient with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, this oral androgen receptor inhibitor is a common treatment option.
What is enzalutamide or abiraterone?
This specific type of brainstem stroke, affecting the lateral medulla, commonly presents with vertigo, ipsilateral facial numbness, dysphagia, and contralateral body sensory loss.
What is Wallenberg Syndrome (Lateral Medullary Syndrome)?