ENT 1
What is the most common form of oral cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What muscle does CN VI innervate?
The lateral rectus
At what age should a child know 2-word phrases, throw a ball overhand, have a 50-word vocabulary, parallel play, and be able to turn a single page in a book?
2 years old
What protein makes up Lewy bodies?
Alpha-synuclein
Where does the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway decussate?
The (caudal) medulla oblongata
What is the part of the auditory pathway in the midbrain called?
The Inferior Colliculus
What cranial nerve lesion results in a “down and out” palsy?
The oculomotor nerve (CN III)
What is the most common form of child abuse?
Child neglect
What cells maintain and make up the blood-CSF barrier?
Ependymal cells
A 78 y/o female presents with the complaint that the room has been spinning for the last few hours. A HINTS exam reveals vertical nystagmus. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Central Nervous System Lesion (stroke, demyelinating disease ex. MS, tumor/mass effect)
Where along the cochlea do high sound frequencies oscillate?
The base
What muscle is at risk of entrapment with an orbital floor fracture/blowout fracture?
The inferior rectus
Which antidepressant medication can lower the seizure threshold?
Bupropion
Which physical exam maneuver tests both a motor and sensory pathway?
Bonus: Name the main ones and what locations they test for (in terms of numbers)?
Reflexes
Ankle (S1-S2), Knee Jerk/Patellar (L3-4), Brachial (C5-6), Triceps (C6-7)
What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
X-linked recessive
What is the embryological origin of the stapes?
The Second Pharyngeal Arch
A pituitary adenoma compresses the optic chiasm and causes what visual field defect?
Bitemporal hemianopsia
What is the name of the heart condition that can occur in newborns of pregnant women who take lithium in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Ebstein’s Anomaly aka atrialization of the right ventricle
What neurocutaneous syndrome is associated with pheochromocytomas, optic nerve gliomas, and renal artery stenosis?
Neurofibromatosis Type 1, aka Von Recklinghausen Disease
A 75 y/o male with a 1-year history of urinary frequency presents to the ED with severe back pain and left leg numbness and weakness. What medication should you administer? Name one consulting service you should page immediately.
This patient likely has spinal cord compression from metastatic prostate cancer, causing chronic urinary symptoms and acute radiculopathy. You should give steroids to decrease edema and consult neurosurgery, radiation oncology, and oncology.
What is the muscle responsible for abducting the vocal cords?
The Posterior Cricoarytenoid
What nerves are in the cavernous sinus?
Cranial Nerves (CN) III, IV, V1, V2, and VI, AND postganglionic sympathetic pupillary fibers
What is the triad for Wernicke encephalopathy?
CONA - confusion, ophthalmoplegia/nystagmus, ataxia?
What is the next best step in management for a patient presenting with fever, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia that began a few hours ago?
If you encountered this patient in the NICU (Neonatal Intensive Care Unit), what specific agents would you use to manage the condition?
IV Antibiotics (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Cefotaxime) and Steroids (Dexamethasone)
A patient presents with fever over the past couple of days, confusion, headache, neck pain, and distal lower-extremity sensory loss and motor weakness. What is the likely diagnosis?
Likely West Nile virus, resulting in encephalitis (confusion), meningitis (fever, headache, and neck pain), and transverse myelitis (lower extremity sensory loss and weakness).