kinds of logic
the science and art of reasoning well
Logic
reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules
Induction
a concept that can be expressed precisely.
term
universal affirmative statements -- All S are P
A statements
the BEING (to be) verb ~ am is are was were be being been
the ONE basic verb in Categorical Logic
(list all forms)
If a statement is true, then it is true.
Law of Identity
reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions
Deduction
the relationship between statements OF THE SAME QUALITY in which the FALSITY of
the PARTICULAR necessitates the FALSITY of the UNIVERSAL I → A; O → E
superimplication
particular affirmative statements -- Some S are P
I statements
a statement which is always false because of its logical structure
(e.g., Jesus is God AND Jesus is not God) A and ~A
self-contradiction
Any statement is either true or false.
Law of Excluded Middle
connects one category (or term) with another (uses syllogisms)
Categorical Logic
the relationship between statements OF THE SAME QUALITY in which the TRUTH of
the UNIVERSAL necessitates the TRUTH of the PARTICULAR A → I; E → O
subimplication
statements which affirm or deny something about a given subject
categorical statements
a statement by a person concerning his own desires, beliefs or feelings.
self-report
A statement cannot be both true and false.
Law of Non-contradiction
connects entire propositions together in arguments
Propositional Logic
the relationship between statements when they CAN both be FALSE, but CANNOT both
be TRUE only A ↔ E are contrary
contrariety
particular negative statements -- Some S are not P
O statements
a statement which is always true because of its logical structure
(e.g., Jesus is God OR Jesus is not God.) A or ~A
tautology
branch of logic which deals with the proper modes of reasoning
Formal Logic
Name at least THREE of the
6 purposes of definitions
1. show relationships 2. remove ambiguity 3. reduce vagueness 4. increase vocabulary
5. explain concepts theoretically 6. influence attitudes
a diagram of the basic relationships between statements WITH THE SAME subject and
predicate
square of opposition
the term being described, or about which something is asserted
subject in a categorical statement
when 2 statements can both be true at the same time
consistency (consistent)