Plasma and Erythrocytes
The nonliving fluid matrix of blood that accounts for approximately 55% of its total volume.
Plasma
What are the two types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
What is the process of producing new blood cells within red bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis
What physiological process prevents excessive blood loss following blood vessel injury?
Hemostasis
What are the genetically determined substances on erythrocyte surfaces that may trigger an immune response when recognized as foreign?
Antigens (Agglutinogens)
The iron-containing protein found in erythrocytes that binds and transports oxygen.
Hemoglobin (Hb)
What are the large, multinucleate cells in red bone marrow that produce thousands of anucleate platelet fragments?
Megakaryocytes
What common stem cell gives rise to all formed elements of blood?
Hemocytoblast
What phase of hemostasis involves the activation of clotting factors and the formation of insoluble fibrin strands?
Coagulation
What phenomenon occurs when antibodies bind to corresponding antigens on incompatible erythrocytes, causing the cells to clump together?
Agglutination
The plasma protein responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting molecules, and buffering blood pH.
Albumin
What type of leukocyte contains brick-red cytoplasmic granules and a blue-red, earmuff-shaped nucleus and releases digestive enzymes against parasitic worms?
Eosinophils
What type of stem cell develops from the hemocytoblast and produces lymphocytes?
Lymphoid stem cell
What phase of hemostasis involves the adhesion and accumulation of platelets at exposed collagen fibers in a damaged blood vessel?
Platelet plug formation
What process occurs when incompatible erythrocytes rupture and release hemoglobin into the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage?
Hemolysis
A disorder characterized by a reduction in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity due to insufficient RBCs or abnormal hemoglobin.
Anemia
What pathological condition occurs when cancerous bone marrow produces excessive numbers of immature, functionally ineffective leukocytes, leading to increased infection susceptibility, anemia, and bleeding problems?
Leukemia
What immature erythrocyte has already expelled its nucleus but still contains residual rough endoplasmic reticulum and becomes a mature RBC within approximately two days?
Reticulocyte
What bleeding disorder results from insufficient circulating platelets and is characterized by spontaneous bleeding and small, purplish skin blotches called petechiae?
Thrombocytopenia
During blood typing, a blood sample shows agglutination when mixed with anti-A serum but no agglutination with anti-B serum. What is the patient's ABO blood type?
Type A
In sickle cell anemia, which amino acid replaces glutamic acid (glutamate) at the 6th position of the beta-globin chain?
Valine
What is the sequence from the most to the least abundant WBCs?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
What hormone, produced primarily by the kidneys, stimulates red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte production when blood oxygen levels decline?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What is a thrombus called after it detaches from a blood vessel wall and travels through the bloodstream, potentially lodging in a narrow cerebral vessel and causing a stroke?
Embolus
A blood sample shows no agglutination when mixed separately with anti-A and anti-B sera. The patient's plasma also contains antibodies against both A and B antigens. What is the patient's ABO blood type?
Type O