Hypothalamus and Pituitary
These two hormones are synthesized by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary until release
What are Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/Vasopressin) and Oxytocin?
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland require this specific mineral element absorbed from the diet to synthesize T3 and T4
The adrenal cortex is anatomically arranged into three distinct zones
What are Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, and Zona Reticularis?
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, whereas pancreatic alpha cells secrete this hormone
What is Glucagon?
Unlike neurotransmitters which act locally across synaptic clefts, hormones travel through this system to reach target organs.
What is the Bloodstream?
While prolactin stimulates milk synthesis in the mammary glands, this posterior pituitary hormone triggers actual milk ejection.
What is Oxytocin?
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete this hormone in response to elevated blood calcium levels to promote bone deposition
What is Calcitonin?
The Zona Glomerulosa secretes this to stimulate renal sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
What is Aldosterone?
Glucagon raises blood glucose during fasting states by stimulating gluconeogenesis and this liver process that breaks down stored glycogen
What is Glycogenolysis?
When target cells decrease their total number of hormone receptors in response to long-term elevated hormone levels, they undergo this process
What is Down-Regulation?
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones reach the anterior pituitary through this specialized network of blood capillaries
What is the Hypophyseal Portal System?
This thyroid disorder results from excessive production of thyroid hormones, causing an increased metabolic rate, heat intolerance, and an abnormally elevated heart rate.
What is hyperthyroidism?
Cushing Syndrome results from? and Addison's disease results from?
What is hypersecretion of cortisol? and What is hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and Aldosterone?
Type I Diabetes Mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, whereas Type II Diabetes is characterized primarily by this cellular defect
What is Insulin Resistance (or Down-Regulation/Defect of Insulin Receptors)?
Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone in adulthood causes? whereas hypersecretion starting in childhood before epiphyseal plates close leads to?
What is acromegaly? What is Gigantisism?
Hyposecretion of ADH leads to this condition characterized by chronic polyuria without glucose in the urine
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
Dietary iodine deficiency causes a goiter because low thyroid hormone levels eliminate this control loop, leading to hypersecretion of TSH
What is Negative Feedback?
During the body's fight-or-flight response, the adrenal medulla releases these two hormones, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?
This condition occurs when blood glucose levels fall abnormally low, potentially causing sweating, shakiness, confusion, and loss of consciousness
What is hypoglycemia?
This intracellular signaling molecule is produced from ATP following activation of certain membrane-bound hormone receptors and amplifies hormonal signals within the cell.
What is cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
This pituitary hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, particularly during periods of physical or emotional stress.
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
This autoimmune disorder occurs when antibodies stimulate thyroid receptors, causing excessive production of T3 and T4 despite suppressed TSH levels.
What is Graves' disease?
Unlike the adrenal medulla, which produces catecholamines, the adrenal cortex primarily produces this class of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol.
What are steroid hormones?
In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these specialized pancreatic cells, resulting in little to no insulin production.
What are beta cells (β-cells) of the islets of Langerhans?
This term describes the process by which hormones travel through the bloodstream and affect only cells containing the appropriate receptors, leaving other cells unaffected.
What is target cell specificity?