Blood, blood, and more blood
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
What is the name of the blood disorder relating to a deficient number of circulating platelets?
thrombocytopenia
How are lymphatic vessels different from blood vessels?
Lymphatic vessels are more permeable, allow debris/cells to move around
What is the difference between antigens and antibodies?
Antigens are substances that mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. Antibodies are proteins secreted by plasma cells to tag them for action
What are interferons?
A family of immune modulating protein that send a warning signal to nearby cells
What are the three main parts of blood?
Plasma, buffy coat (leukocyte & platelets), erythrocyte
List the WBC’s in decreasing abundance
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
What are the 4 major lymphoid organs/tissues discussed in lecture?
Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, Thymus **review chart
List the three lines of defense. Name an example or something included in each of them.
(1) surface barriers (skin & mucous membranes), (2) internal defenses (phagocytes, NKC, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever), & (3) adaptive immunity (humoral or cellular immunity)
True or false, if immune system is not cleaned up properly by macrophages, there is the potential for autoimmune responses to develop.
true
What 3 features of an erythrocyte makes for efficient gas transport (name at least two)?
Bioconcave shape = huge surface area, Hb makes up most of cell volume, RBCs have no mitochondria so they do not consume the O2 they transport
Hemostasis is the fast series of reactions for stopping bleeding through the formation of blood clots, what are the three steps?
Vascular spasm (1), platelet plug formation (2), coagulation/ blood clotting (3)
What is the function of the spleen?
Clean the blood and remove aged/defective RBC’s, store platelets, monocytes, & iron, and be a site for lymphocyte activation.
What are some of the main types of cells related to the internal defense of our innate immune system?
Phagocytes (like neutrophils and macrophages that ingulf/ingest foreign invaders), NKC (induces apoptosis in cells lacking cell-surface receptors)
True or false, T & B cells originate in bone marrow, but only B cells mature in the thymus.
False, T cells mature in thymus, both originate in bone marrow
What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?
Hormone that stimulates formation of RBC’s when hypoxic environment is present
Is intrinsic or extrinsic pathway of coagulation faster and why?
Extrinsic because it by-passes steps since the factors needed for clotting are located outside blood
Why is the thymus larger in younger individuals and gets smaller with age?
because your immune response develops early in life, and isn't as robust as you get older.
What are the three stages of inflammation?
(1) inflammatory chemical release, (2) vasodilation & increased vascular permeability, & (3) phagocyte mobilization
What is platelet plug formation regulated by?
thrombopoietin
Name two types of anemia.
Hemorrhagic anemia (rapid blood loss), chronic hemorrhagic anemia (slight but persistent blood loss), iron-deficiency anemia (low iron = cannot synthesize Hb), pernicious anemia (no B12 = RBC’s enlarge but can’t divide), renal anemia (lack of EPO bc of renal disease), aplastic anemia (destruction/inhibition of red bone marrow), hemolytic anemia (premature lysis of RBC’s), sickle-cell anemia (mutated Hb and causes crescent shaped RBC)
In a pregnancy where erythroblastosis fetalis occurs, and Rh- mother is carrying a Rh- fetus resulting in the destruction of the newborns RBC’s during the first exposure/pregnancy, true or false?
False, it will in the second child not the first because of the exposure to the antigens
True or false, the location of the lymphatic tissues is NOT relative to where pathogens can enter the body (respiratory, GI, etc.) in that it is localized to recognize invader near body before infection gets out of control.
False, it is relative
What are the 4 stages of phagocyte mobilization?
(1) leukocytosis (neutrophils release from bone marrow to injured cell), (2) margination (capillaries of endothelial cells project CAMs into vessels to slow neutrophils & make stick to walls), (3) diapedesis (neutrophils squeeze between cells out of capillaries), (4) chemotaxis (neutrophils follow chemical trail)
How many oxygen molecules can bind to Hb?
4