Elements of Circulation
The portion of the body where the arterial system and venous system unit. It is the area where the majority of the body exchanges gases and nutrients into tissue.
What are the capillaries?
This element drives depolarization of cardiac tissue
What is Calcium or extracellular Calcium?
These vasoconstricting substances are released in response to histamines via sympathetic stimulation.
What are norepinepherine and epinepherine?
What two centrally mediated receptors are the most rapid acting neural mechanisms?
What are Barorecptors and Chemorecptors?
These cells are stimulated to secrete Renin into the blood in response to decreases in blood volume and blood pressure
What are Juxtaglomerular Cells?
Nearly 50% of adults over the age of 60 die as the result of this disease; 7.1 million annually in the world.
What is Hypertension?
Histamines, Kinins, and this compound, secreted by endothelial cells, act as vasodialators in the body to decrease BP.
What is Nitric Oxide
This substance is a powerful vasoconstrictor produced by the RAAS which increases Blood Pressure and Peripheral Vascular Resistance.
What is Angiotensin II?
This substance decreases arterial flow and stimulates venous flow in order to restore homeostasis in BP. It is responsible for vasoconstriction
What is Norepinepherine?
This substance, secreted by the adrenal cortex, instructs the kidneys to retain water and sodium
What is Aldosterone?
It is the amount of Blood remaining in the ventricles after systolic contraction - estimated to be 40-50mLs
What is End Systolic Volume?
These local tissue receptors are easily stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system and open calcium ion channels in smooth muscle to encourage vasoconstriction.
What are Alpha Adrenergic Receptors?
A strong vasoconstrictor that also acts as a platelet aggregater.
Seritonin
Stimulation of this Neural Pathway, leads to a reduction in Cardiac Output.
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
This substance is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to decreased BP and blood volume. It decreases cellular osmalarity
What is Anitdiuretic Hormone or Vasopressin?
This structure is responsible for the electrical stimulation of the Left Atrium.
What is Bachmann's Bundle?
These inhibitory receptors cause vasodilation by closing calcium channels.
What are Beta Adrenergic Receptors?
This substance is a powerful vasodialator produced by Mast cells. If you know your MIGs, you'd know its also known for triggering a serious bodily reaction.
What is Histamine?
Chemoreceptors in the blood signal the release of these two neurotransmitters in response to vasodilation in attempt to restore blood pressure homeostasis?
What are acetylcholine and Nitrites?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) raises the body's blood pressure by instructing the kidneys to do what?
What is retain H2O and NA+?
OR
What is reduce urine output?
It is a term used to describe when the ventricles of the heart increase by 70-120mL prior to contracting.
What is Preload or EDV?
This term is used to describe the phenomenon where blood flow is decreased to an organ or tissue which is not currently in use.
What is Autoregulation?
This low spectrum opiate drug can institute a histamine response when administered.
What is Morphine?
The Right Atrium, the Carotid Sinus, and the Aortic Arch are the three primary sites for these types of neural receptors.
What are Barorecptors? or Stretch receptors?
This substance is secrete by the heart to lower blood pressure by acting on a specific target organ. It stimulates the secretion of excess fluids and is drastically elevated in CHF patients. (Bonus if you name the acting organ +100)
What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
What are the Kidneys?
Multiplying this calculated estimate by the amount of blood pumped by the heart over one minute, you can calculate an individuals blood pressure.
What is Peripheral Vascular Reserve?
This term is used to describe the phenomenon that occurs what blood flow is obstructed to tissue for a period of time before rapidly increasing to restore equilibrium.
What is Reactive Hyperemia?
This hormone is synthesized by part of the cell membrane in response to tissue injury. It can both constrict and dilate vasculature.
Chemorecptors primarily monitor gas exchange and changes in Ph in this part of the body. A widely ventilated area.
What are the alveoli of the lungs?
This organ secretes angiotensin converting enzymes
What are the lungs?
This variable can erroneously affect blood pressure readings by 50mmHg.
What is placing the cuff over clothing?
Increases in hydrogen molecules, CO2, or lack of oxygen are all factors that contribute to the contraction / relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. Another factor is the increased presence of this metabolic byproduct.
What is Lactic Acid?
This hormone acts as an arteriole dilator and endothelial agonist which stimulates increased secretion of nitric oxide during stress.
Bradykinin
In response to a reduction in blood Ph and PP of O2, the vasomotor center acts upon the body in these 3 ways in an attempt to increase BP and accelerate venous return to the Heart and Lungs. (give 2/3)
Increase Cardiac Output
Increase HR
Stimulate Vasoconstriction
This organ produces that enzyme which "jump starts" the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
What is Angiotensin?