Blood 1
Describe the general characteristics of blood, and discuss its major functions.
Blood is a type of CT with a fluid matrix (plasma). It's major functions are transporting nutrients and oxygen to body cells, distributes heat and helps maintain homeostasis.
Distinguish among the formed elements and the liquid portion of blood.
Formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets. *all produced in red bone marrow
Liquid: Plasma
Discuss the functions of the organs of the cardiovascular system.
Heart: muscular pump that pumps blood throughout the body
Blood vessels: -arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart, -veins transport deoxygenated blood to the heart, -capillaries transport oxygen and nutrients
Distinguish the coverings of the heart and the wall of the heart layers.
Pericardium is the sac covering heart, it has 2 portions: (1)Fibrous pericardium: outer, tough, CT (2) Serous Pericardium consists of Parietal pericardium, Visceral pericardium, and pericardial cavity
Wall of Heart layers:
-epicardium(visceral pericardium): outermost layer, serous membrane made of CT & epithelium, decreases friction in heart
-myocardium: middle layer, consists of cardiac muscle, thickest layer of heart wall, pumps blood out of heart chambers
-endocardium: inner layer, made of CT & epithelium, continuous with endothelium of major vessels joining heart, contains purkinje fibers
Describe the mechanisms that aid in returning venous blood to the heart.
Valves help prevent backflow when returning venous blood to heart. Skeletal muscle contractions assist venous blood to be carried back to the heart by squeezing it back up each valve one by one.
Explain the significance of red blood cell counts AND summarize the control of red blood cell production.
The red blood cell count determines the blood's oxygen carrying capacity, so if someone's is low, they aren't capable of circulating enough oxygen.
*normal rbc in females:4,200,000 to 5,400,000 cells per 3mm
males:4,700,000 to 6,1000,000 cells per 3mm
*RBC production is called erythropoiesis
RBC's are produced from hematopoietic stem cells, and go through multiple stages before they mature. The hormone erythropoietin stimulated RBC production when the liver/kidneys detect low oxygen.
Distinguish among the five types of white blood cells, and give the function(s) of each type.
Agranulocytes(do not have granular cytoplasm): -(1)Monocytes; largest WBC, round nuclei, kidney shaped, migrate to some tissues and differentiate into macrophages. (2)Lymphocytes; smallest of WBC, large round nucleus, responsible for immunity, attack specific foreign pathogens
Granulocytes (have granular cytoplasm):(3)Neutrophils; fine, purple staining granules, nucleus with 2-5 lobes, strong phagocytes (4)Eosinophils; coarse granules, stain deep red, bilobed nucleus, kill certain parasites and promote moderate inflammation (5)Basophils; fewer granules than eosinophils, blue stain granules, promote inflammation by secreting heparin and histamine
Identify the locations and functions of the major parts of the heart
*Draw and label 4 chambers, aorta, vena cava(s), 4 valves
2 upper atria: atria receive blood returning to the heart, thin walls
2 lower ventricles: pump blood out of the heart, thick walled (left ventricle has thicker wall for more force when pumping to entire body)
Aorta: transporting oxygenated blood from left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body (minus lungs)
Superior/Inferior vena cava: bring blood back from systemic circuit to right atrium
Tricuspid valve: between right atrium/right ventricle, prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during contraction
Bicuspid(mitral) valve: between left atrium/left ventricle, prevents blood from moving from left ventricle to left atrium during ventricular contraction
Pulmonary valve: entrance to pulmonary trunk, prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk to right ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Aortic valve: entrance to aorta, prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
Describe cardiac conduction system and the cardiac cycle.
Starting at the SA node, impulses spread to the atrial syncytium, causing an atrial contraction, then to the junctional fibers that lead to the AV node.
The AV node passes impulses to the AV bundle, delaying single until the atria finishes contracting, once impulses pass the AV bundle, they travel down the interventricular septum. AV bundle divides into left and right bundle branches under the endocardium,
Bundle branches give off purkinje fibers which spread impulses to ventricular wall and papillary muscles.
Identify and locate the major arteries
Aorta: biggest artery in body, emerges from left ventricle
Subclavian: beneath clavicle
Carotids: in neck
Coronaries: in heart
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Explain the significance of platelet counts.
*platelets are important because they help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges/stop bleeding
If you have a low platelet count, you are at risk for internal bleeding, because there aren't as many to help repair damage.
If you have a high platelet count, too many can lead to blood clotting
Describe the functions of each of the major components of plasma.
Plasma is mostly water (92%)
-3 major plasma proteins :
albumins: help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
globulins: transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
fibrinogen: key role in blood coagulation (clotting)
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart and the vessels.
Draw and discuss
Identify the ECG pattern, and discuss the significance of this pattern.
P wave is the first wave (depolarization of atria), leading to the constriction of the atria
QRS complex (depolarization of ventricles) which leads to ventricular contraction, repolarization of the atria occurs during QRS complex, but it hidden behind main ventricular event.
T wave (ventricular repolarization), leads to ventricular relaxation
ECG pattern determines the heart's electrical activity/cardiac rhythm
Identify and locate the major veins
External/Internal Jugular veins, Subclavian veins, Pulmonary veins, superior/inferior vena cava, axillary veins etc
Define hemostasis, and explain the mechanisms that help achieve it
Hemostasis: stoppage of bleeding
-Vascular spams(vasospasm): temporary vasoconstriction which slows blood flow
-Platelet Plug Formation: platelets adhere to damaged blood vessels, forming a spiny process, platelets stick together which creates the platelet plug
-Blood Coagulation: blood clotting (discuss process of blood clot formation)
Review the major steps in blood coagulation.
-damaged tissue releases chemical "thromboplastin" leading to prothrombin activator production
-prothrombin activator converts prothrombin in plasma into active thrombin
-this catalyzes a reaction where fibrinogen is converted into active fibrin (this is major event in blood clotting)
-fibrin threads create a network that traps blood cells forming blood clot
-blood plasma changes from liquid to gel (remember in lab how the plasma turned jelly)
Explain control of the cardiac cycle.
Pressure within the chambers rise/fall with the contractions/relaxations.
Contractions (systole) of the heart wall increases pressure of the heart chamber, while relaxation (diastole) of the heart chamber decreases its internal pressure.
Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood vessels.
Arteries: strong, elastic vessels for carrying blood away from heart
Arterioles: small branch from artery, distribute blood flow to capillaries
Capillaries: smallest diameter of blood vessels, connect small arterioles to small venules, thin/good for gas exchange and diffusion between blood/tissue fluid
Venules: merge from capillaries to further form veins (connect capillaries to veins)
Veins: transport blood under relatively low pressure from venule to the heart, valves prevent backflow, serves as a blood reservoir
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Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions following blood transfusions
Blood typing classifies blood based on Antigens (O, A, AB)
Blood typing is able to match correct donors with their recipients. By understanding which antibodies and antigens will react negatively with each other we can ensure the recipients immune cells do not attack foreign cells.
Describe how blood reactions may occur between fetal and maternal tissues.
If a mother with Rh negative blood carries an Rh positive baby, she may become exposed during delivery. The mother could start producing anti-Rh antibodies that attack the Rh-positive babies blood.
Describe how substances are exchanged between blood
Capillaries are major workers in substance exchange of between blood. Filtration, diffusion and osmosis are all methods of substance exchange.
-Blood entering capillaries has high concentrations of oxygen & nutrients, that diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues
-Hydrostatic pressure from the pumping action of the heart generates force for the filtration of substances through the walls of the capillaries
-Colloid osmotic pressure is generated by presence of plasma proteins that remain in blood and draw water into capillaries
Explain how blood pressure is produced and controlled.
Blood pressure is produced by the heart pumping blood into the arteries, but depends on many factors (cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood viscosity)
BP= CO X PR
*body remains normal blood pressure by adjusting cardiac output and peripheral resistance.
Name the key formulas for cardiovascular system
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