blood basics
What is blood
This is the fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.
Plasma makes up about this percentage of whole blood.
55%
The production of all formed elements from stem cells in red bone marrow is called what?
hematopoiesis
The three steps of hemostasis are __________, __________, and __________.
vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
The most common type of anemia, often due to poor diet or blood loss, is
iron deficiency anemia
Why is blood considered a fluid connective tissue?
because it contains plasma, proteins, and formed elements.
hese blood cells make up only about 1% of formed elements but are critical for defense against infection.
leukocytes (white blood cells)
Erythropoietin (EPO), secreted by the kidneys, stimulates this process.
erythropoiesis (RBC production)
This protein is converted to fibrin during clot formation
fibrinogen
In sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin molecules clump when this condition occurs
low oxygen
Name three functions of blood that maintain homeostasis.
temperature regulation, pH balance, and water content regulation
Name the three main plasma proteins and one function of each.
albumin (osmotic pressure/transport), globulins (immunity/transport), and fibrinogen (clotting)
Red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles. What does this mean for their lifespan?
they cannot repair themselves and live ~120 days
The extrinsic pathway is triggered by factors from __________, while the intrinsic pathway is triggered by factors from __________.
damaged tissues (extrinsic) and damaged vessel walls (intrinsic)
The ABO blood group is based on the presence of these structures on RBCs
A and/or B glycoprotein antigens
List all three main categories of blood functions as presented in lecture without checking your notes
transportation (gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, ions), defense (infection & clotting), and homeostasis (temperature, pH, water balance)
Plasma is similar to interstitial fluid but differs because it contains a high concentration of what?
plasma proteins
Hemoglobin consists of these two main parts.
heme groups (iron-containing rings) and globin proteins (2 alpha, 2 beta chains)
The process of breaking down fibrin and dissolving clots is called what?
fibrinolysis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when an Rh- mother produces antibodies against what?
Rh+ fetal RBCs
Females typically have 4–5 liters of blood, while males have 5–6 liters. This difference is due in part to what factor?
greater body size and muscle mass in males
Formed elements make up about 45% of blood. List the three types and their general functions.
erythrocytes (gas transport), leukocytes (defense), and platelets (clotting)
Name the two stem cell lineages and what they produce
myeloid (RBCs, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes) and lymphoid (T cells, B cells, NK cells)
A clot that forms in an unbroken vessel is called a _________, while one that floats freely in circulation is a _________.
thrombus and embolus
This disorder is caused by missing clotting factors and leads to excessive bleeding, often into joints.
hemophilia