SPINE + NERVE
This exaggerated thoracic curvature, often from age-related osteoporosis
What is kyphosis?
Inability to protract the scapula with medial border winging on wall push-up points to which nerve, and its root levels?
What is the long thoracic nerve, C5-C7?
Explain why a mid-clavicle fracture displaces with the medial fragment elevated and lateral fragment depressed, naming both muscles responsible
What is SCM elevating the medial fragment, and gravity/pectoralis major depressing the lateral fragment?
The most commonly fractured carpal bone, typically from a FOOSH, is often initially missed on x-ray and misdiagnosed as a wrist sprain. Name the bone, and the complication that can occur if the fracture disrupts its blood supply
What is the scaphoid — disruption of its blood supply can cause delayed or non-union, often requiring surgical intervention?
Blocked lymphatic channels in the breast cause this skin appearance
What is peau d'orange (orange peel)?
A lumbar puncture is typically performed at this vertebral level or below, since the spinal cord ends around L2
What is L3, L4, or L5?
Describe the sensory and motor deficit pattern from axillary nerve injury in a surgical neck fracture
What is loss of lateral brachial skin sensation plus impaired abduction of the deltoid?
Describe the deformity from a boxer's fracture and why the 5th metacarpal is most vulnerable
What is a fracture of the 5th metacarpal neck due to the 5th metacarpal's greater mobility?)
Name three conditions that can effectively reduce the size of the carpal tunnel and lead to nerve entrapment
What are inflammation of a tendon, infection, growth, or cyst?
Tumor growth pulling on the breast's connective tissue ligaments causes these two changes to the nipple and breast tissue
What are nipple retraction/deviation and dimpling?
In a posterolateral disc herniation between L4 and L5, this spinal nerve root is usually compressed
What is L5?
Explain why subacromial impingement pain occurs specifically in the mid-abduction arc
What is compression of the supraspinatus tendon/bursa between the greater tubercle and coracoacromial arch?
Explain the mechanism of a Colles' fracture, the direction of distal fragment displacement, and the deformity this produces
What is: FOOSH, causing dorsal/posterior displacement of the distal radial fragment, producing the "dinner fork deformity"
In carpal tunnel syndrome, name the nerve entrapped and the two things it causes: a sensory symptom and a motor symptom
What is the median nerve — causing numbness/tingling of the lateral 3½ digits and weakness/inability to oppose the thumb?
This nerve can be damaged during mastectomy due to its location in the axilla
What is the long thoracic nerve?
Name the anatomical reservoir where VZV lies dormant, and the route it travels to cause a dermatomal shingles rash
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
A pitcher feels a pop with anterior shoulder pain during deceleration; identify the injured structure and its origin
What is the long head of biceps tendon, from the supraglenoid tubercle?
A patient with a healed supracondylar fracture presents with fixed flexion contractures of the wrist and fingers, with the forearm muscles replaced by fibrotic tissue. Name this condition and the vascular event that initiated it
What is Volkmann's ischemic contracture, initiated by compartment syndrome/brachial artery compromise causing flexor forearm muscle ischemia and necrosis?
Trauma to a flexor tendon can form scar tissue that creates a nodule. Name the condition this causes, and explain what happens to the nodule with extension
What is trigger finger — the nodule gets stuck at the fibrous digital sheath?
Matectomy raises the risk for which condition due to which nerve damage?
What is winged scapula and long thoracic nerve?
Name the structures through a spinal tap from posterior to anterior
Name the three structures typically torn in anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation
What are the labrum, anterior capsule, and subscapularis tendon?
Explain why a mid-shaft humeral fracture produces wrist drop despite injuring the nerve at the arm
What is radial nerve loss of all forearm extensors distal to injury, leaving flexors unopposed?
Carpal tunnel syndrome often requires surgical release of what structure to relieve pressure on the median nerve?
What is the flexor retinaculum?
Name the lymphatic vessels that cross the midline at the midline, allowing breast cancer to spread to the opposite breast
What are the sternal lymphatic vessels?