Intro to Micro
microscopic organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular, contain organelles
eukaryotes
A type of cytoskeleton filament with a 9+2 arrangement (also seen frequently when learning about mitosis!)
microtubules
bacterial cells divide via what?
binary fission
New nucelotides are added in the ________ direction
5'-3'
-static
(HINT: be specific!) What cell secretes antibodies?
plasma cells
The genus Staphylococcus has what cell shape (name both factors)?
grape-like bundles (clusters) and ball shaped
(400pts) Alveoli are covered in _____ to protect them from collapsing and to reduce surface tension.
surfactant
The idea that something CAN come from nothing (specifically in the living world)
abiogenesis/spontaneous generation hypothesis
The mitochondria and chloroplasts have _____ ribosomes.
70S (or 50S 30S subunits)
What is the net amount of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP (-2 in energy investment, +4 in energy payoff)
What factor recognizes the promoter to initiate transcription?
Sigma factor
If I have a helminth worm in me, what might the doctors prescribe to eliminate it?
Antihelmenthmic drug
(DAILY DOUBLE) Immune testing commonly used in blood type testing and some bacterial/viral infection testing.
agglutination
What is the toxin that lyses RBCs?
hemolysis
(400pts) Which cell is found in the stomach and creates HCl needed for digestion?
Parietal cells
a form of microscopy where light is positioned at an angle, creating a darker background and lighter objects (microbes)
dark field microscopy
(DAILY DOUBLE) Eukaryotic plasma membranes are stabilized by_____.
sterols (cholesterol and ergosterol)
A tube of broth has a thin, turbid like but ONLY just below the top of the broth. What would we classify this organism as?
Microaerophilic/microaerophile
Fun fact, more Guanine and Cytosine bonds in a DNA sequence result in a higher melting point of that DNA molecule; this is because the G-C bond contains _(#)_ __(type of bond)__ bonds.
3 hydrogen
What physical process removes water from cells (usually via salt or sugar) to inhibit metabolic activity?
desiccation
antigen or antibodies
(Give FULL genus and species) Which G+ bacteria is responsible for botulism and manipulated for Botox?
Clostridium botulinum
(400pts) What blood filtering structure is found throughout the cortex and medulla of a kidney?
nephron
name the two forms of glycocalyx in a bacterial cell
slime layer and capsule
Vesicles moving from the rough ER, go to the _______ then either the ________ or cytoplasm.
golgi apparatus; cell membrane
What instrument do we use to directly count the number of bacterial cells on a gridded surface?
Petroff-Hauser chamber
RNA contains a ____ hydroxy group, while DNA does not.
2' hydroxy
How is the endotoxin, LPS, released into the environment?
via cell lysis/the cell dying
During T-cell clonal expansion, the T helper cell differentiates into 2 MAIN types of cells. Name the 2 types of cells
T helper, memory T-cell
What is the structure called when immune cells form a barrier around the pathogenic bacilli within the alveoli?
granuloma
(400pts) Which small muscle is located in the upper, lateral portion of your leg and is attached to the "IT" band?
tensor fasciae latae
a bacterial cell with flagella at two poles of the cell is ______, and a cell with flagella all over is _______
amphitrichous, peritrichous
Let's say (in TEM) I come across a double membrane-bound organelle that also happens to have a distinct, "stripped" matrix. What is this organelle?
mitochondria
A, inhibitor binds the allosteric site of an enzyme, which changes the shape of the active site and inhibits substrate-enzyme binding. What just happened?
Allosteric/noncompetitive inhibition
(TRIPLE DIPPER??) What enzyme replaces RNA primers with nucleotides during replication?
DNA polymerase I
Describe the term "broad spectrum" as it relates to antibiotics.
Simple answer: Targets a wide range of microbes, usually refers to G+ and G- targeting antibiotics.
alpha; beta; disulfide
Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly known to cause which disease? (can name either one)
strep throat or necrotizing fasciitis
(400pts) Which hemisphere of the heart is responsible for pulmonary circulation?
The right hemisphere