Weeks 1-7
Translation & Gene Regulation
Population Genetics & Mutations
Molecular Cloning & Molecular Analysis
Cancer Genetics
100
This cellular division process produces four genetically unique haploid cells from one diploid cell, a key step in sexual reproduction.
What is Meiosis?
100
Name two different types of mutations in a gene coding sequence?
What is silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift?
100
To reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this must be "infinite" so that chance events don't alter allele frequencies.
What is number of individuals/population?
100
Lac A encodes this enzyme.
What is transacetylase?
100
This type of mutant allele causes cells to reproduce rapidly.
What is an oncogene?
200
This term describes an individual whose chromosome number is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. such as having 2n-1 (monosomy) or 2n+1 (trisomy).
What is aneuploidy?
200
Given the 5'-UAG-3' anticodon, what is the codon that can recognize by anticodon using the Wobble rules below?
What is 5'-CUG-3'?
200
This evolutionary force has a weaker impact on allele frequencies in large populations because chance events have less influence.
What is genetic drift?
200
Small fragments on the lagging strand where DNA synthesis occurs are called…
What are Okazaki fragments?
200
This cellular outcome occurs if p53 detects irreparable DNA damage.
What is apoptosis?
300
In this inheritance pattern, a heterozygote displays an intermediate phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygotes, resulting in a 1:2:1 genotypic and phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation.
What is incomplete dominance?
300
Explain the difference between catabolism and anabolism.
Catabolism: Breaking down larger molecules to obtain energy and smaller molecules.
Anabolism: The use of smaller precursor molecules and energy from catabolism to build larger molecules.
300
If deamination converts Adenine into Hypoxanthine, the cell will ultimately end up with this specific base-pair change.
What is an A to G substitution?
300
Why is using two different restriction enzymes better than one in cloning?
What is: It prevents self-ligation and ensures correct insert orientation?
300
Mutations in these two genes compromise homologous recombination, the cell’s main pathway for precise repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
What is BRCA1 & BRCA2?
400
This enzyme complex adds a modified guanine nucleotide in reverse orientation to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule shortly after transcription begins, a modification that is critical for translation and is absent in prokaryotes.
What is the capping enzyme?
400
In mutation where no beta-galactisidase (LacZ) is produced, what happens?
What is there is a nonfunctional operon promoter?
400
While standard DNA polymerase handles replication, this specific type of enzyme is used during Nucleotide Excision Repair but carries a higher risk of introducing new mutations due to its lack of precision.
What is a low-fidelity DNA polymerase?
400
A mutation changes one base but the protein stays the same, why?
What is: Because the genetic code is redundant (degenerate)?
400
This is the reason why telomerase activation is advantageous for tumour cells.
What is unlimited replicative potential?
500
In the pedigree shown, the indicated trait is most likely caused by what type of allele?
What is X-linked dominant?
500
Name three ways that genes can become less expressed in eukaryotes:
What is methylate DNA, condense chromatin, or when the repressor binds to the enhancer?
500
In a large, randomly mating population of beetles, a specific recessive trait for wing color is observed in 16% of the individuals. Assuming this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this gene, calculate the following:
- The frequency of the recessive allele (q).
- The frequency of the dominant allele (p).
- The frequency of heterozygous carriers (2pq) in the population.
1. 0.4
2. 0.6
3. 0.48
500
Why might a strong band appear at a very small size in PCR even if your target is larger?
What is: Due to primer dimers?
500
This is where weak oncogenic viruses need to be integrated in the genome to have an effect.
What is in front of the proto-oncogenes?