Fluid
2 parts
what is hypovolemia?
what does FVD stand for?
hypovolemia- decreased volume of plasma
FVD- Fluid Volume Deficit
2 parts
what are some signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?
what are some nursing interventions of hyponatremia
signs and symptoms: changes in CNS, mental confusion, headache, altered level of consciousness, anxiety, seizures
nursing interventions: liberalize diet of the patient on low sodium diet. Replace water loss with fluids containing sodium
what are some functions for carbs in the body and how many calories does 1 carbohydrate supply
important to the function of internal organs, the nervous system, and muscles
regulates protein and fat metabolism
1g of carbohydrates= 4 calories
what position should the head of the bed be in to assist with feeding, and inserting enteral tubes
Fowler's position ( at least 30 degrees)
What is hypervolemia?
excessive blood volume
What are some signs of overhydration?
weight gain
crackles in the lungs
slow bounding pulse
elevated BP
possibly edema
2 parts
-signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
-nursing interventions for hypernatremia
signs and symptoms: dry mucous membranes, loss of skin turgor, intense thirst, flushed skin
nursing interventions: encourage increased fluid intake, measure I&O, give water between tube feedings, restrict sodium intake
2 parts
what is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates?
what is the recommended intake of carbohydrates per day
simple carbs- sucrose, fructose, and lactose (all of these are quickly absorbed into bloodstream as a ready source of energy for cells)
complex carbs- (starches) foods like breads, pasta, cereal, potatoes, and rice are broken down into simple sugars for digestion, absorption, and use by the body
both children and adults should have a minimum of 130g of carbs per day
what is one thing to check for before inserting a nasogastric tube
check airflow through the nostrils by closing one side to check the airflow of the other. Place nasogastric tube in nostril with the better airflow
what is an NG tube?
tubes entered through the nose and esophagus into the stomach
usually a temporary measure to provide nutritional support
What are some signs and symptoms of dehydration?
complaints of dizziness
confusion
dark, concentrated urine
dry mucous membranes
poor skin tugor
thick saliva
weakness
2 parts
-signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
nursing interventions of hypokalemia?
signs and symptoms: abdominal pain, decreased bowel sounds, urinary retention, cardiac "u-wave" or cardiac arrythmias
nursing interventions: instruct patients about food high in potassium and encourage intake, teach patients the signs, monitor I&O and cardiac rhythm
2 parts
how many mL of water per calorie intake should adults consume
what is the general rule of intake of water/fluid for patients
1 mL/ calorie of intake
patient should take in an amount equal to the recorded fluid output plus 500 mL
what should the nurse assess for with both intermittent and continuous tube feeding?
-assess for evidence of discomfort of complications (nausea, vomiting, respiratory distress)
-monitor lab values and weights daily
what is the traditional method when measuring the tube is to be inserted?
measure the tip of the nose to the tip of the ear and then to the xiphoid process. (mark distance with a piece of tape)
what is edema and what are some generalized causes of it?
1. kidney failure
2. heart failure
3. liver failure
4. hormonal disorders involving the overproduction of aldosterone and ADH
2 parts
what are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?
what are some nursing interventions of hyperkalemia?
nursing interventions: decrease intake of foods high in potassium, increase fluid intake to enhance urinary excretion of potassium
3 parts!
what are the functions of protein
-food sources of protein
-DRI of protein for a healthy adult
functions: constant supply of protein is essential to meet the body's need to build and replace cells and tissues
food sources: meats, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, cereals, grains, legumes, and most vegetables
DRI: 46-56g of protein per day (body requires more protein during times of illness or injury and during pregnancy and lactation)
what are some things the nurse should check for after the nasogastric tube is inserted?
-if ordered, and x-ray should be obtained
-aspirate stomach contents and use pH test to verify (gastric pH is 1-4, intestinal and respiratory pH values are above 6)
-observe for changes in volume and appearance of feeding and tube aspirate
items to assess and when to assess while monitoring TPN and PPN
pg, 512. table 27.4
who are those at risk for fluid volume deficit?
1. patients unable to take in sufficient quantities of fluid due to impaired swallowing, extreme weakness, disorientation, coma or unavailability of water
2. patients who lose excessive amounts of fluid through prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, sweating, or excessive wound drainage
2 parts
-what are some signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?-some nursing interventions of hypocalcemia?
signs and symptoms: paresthesias, muscle spasms, positive Chvostek sign, positive Trousseau sign, wheezing, dyspnea, difficulty swallowing
nursing interventions: encourage adults to consume sufficient calcium from cheese, broccoli, shrimp, and other dietary sources. Give oral meds containing calcium 30 minutes before meals to facilitate absorption
3 parts
-what are the functions of fat?
-food sources of fa?
-DRI?
functions: supplies a concentrated form of energy, insulates and controls body temp, cushions and protects body organs, facilitates transmission of nerve impulses
food sources: animal food sources provide most saturated fatty acids and veggies, nuts, or seeds provide unsaturated fatty acids
DRI: 20-30g/ day of fat. saturated fats should be limited to 10% of total fat intakes
what are some principles of tube feeding? (what to look for+precautions)
-elevate head of the bed 30-90 degrees before feeding and leave it up for 30-60 minutes after the feeding
-assess bowel sounds at least once every 8 hrs
-assess abdomen for distension
-check for gastric residual by aspirating for each intermittent feeding or at least every 4 hrs if patient is on continuous feeding
-maintain accurate intake and output record.
What are the normal ranges for sodium, potassium, and calcium in the body
Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Calcium: 8.4-10.6 mg/dL